Exploring the optimal management strategy for nitrogen and irrigation has a significant impact on crop yield, economic profit, and the environment. To tackle this optimization challenge, this paper introduces a deployable \textbf{CR}op Management system \textbf{O}ver all \textbf{P}ossible \textbf{S}tate availabilities (CROPS). CROPS employs a language model (LM) as a reinforcement learning (RL) agent to explore optimal management strategies within the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop simulations. A distinguishing feature of this system is that the states used for decision-making are partially observed through random masking. Consequently, the RL agent is tasked with two primary objectives: optimizing management policies and inferring masked states. This approach significantly enhances the RL agent's robustness and adaptability across various real-world agricultural scenarios. Extensive experiments on maize crops in Florida, USA, and Zaragoza, Spain, validate the effectiveness of CROPS. Not only did CROPS achieve State-of-the-Art (SOTA) results across various evaluation metrics such as production, profit, and sustainability, but the trained management policies are also immediately deployable in over of ten millions of real-world contexts. Furthermore, the pre-trained policies possess a noise resilience property, which enables them to minimize potential sensor biases, ensuring robustness and generalizability. Finally, unlike previous methods, the strength of CROPS lies in its unified and elegant structure, which eliminates the need for pre-defined states or multi-stage training. These advancements highlight the potential of CROPS in revolutionizing agricultural practices.
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the amino acid digestibility of commercial rapeseed meal fed at a level of 30% as the only source of protein in the diet of chickens. The effects of supplementing the experimental diets with 3.5% vegetable fat or 0.25% L-lysine were also investigated. Each diet was fed ad libitum to four colostomized chickens, housed in individual cages. At the end of the experiment, a protein-free diet was fed to permit the measurement of true digestibility. The results showed that the digestibility coefficients for 16 amino acids of rapeseed meal ranged from 44 to 72% and from 63 to 80% for the apparent and true digestibility coefficients, respectively. Of the dietary supplements used, fat caused a greater increase in amino acid digestibility than did L-lysine.
The European Mediterranean region is heralded globally for both its high vulnerability to soil degradation and realization of the climate crisis, with ambient temperatures increasing at rates 20% faster than the global average. Maize crops in this region experience moderate to severe water stress during late spring and summer, although such trends are being exacerbated by lack of agricultural irrigation, which has exhausted ~70% of freshwater reserves to date. Future water scarcity is expected to increase as evaporative demand ramps in line with global warming, with rainfall intensity and distribution becoming more variable, and with intensification of weather extremes including drought. Agricultural droughts occur when soil moisture for a prolonged period is below the wilting point threshold, leading not only to yield reduction or failure, but also impaired soil biogeochemical processes, enhanced losses of terrestrial carbon and soil biodiversity. Thus, agricultural water management is key not only in terms of global food security but also in terms of natural capital and environmental stewardship, namely planning for net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Here, our aim was to identify adaptations for maize crops that improve water-use efficiency, resulting in greater production for lower water requirement. Using the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) crop model, we simulated maize growth in 14 regions across the European Mediterranean region under historical (1984-2021) and future (2064-2100) climate horizons, assuming a 22% decrease in precipitation and a 5.6ºC increase in temperature following the Six Assessment Report of the IPCC (IPCC, 2022). Treatments included a range of irrigation quanta per season (0 mm, 200 mm, 400 mm, 560 mm, 920 mm, 1400 mm, 1600 mm and 2000 mm) and several representative irrigation infrastructures. Irrigated water was applied with furrow, sprinkler and drip-irrigation systems. Under future climates, we reveal that penalties in rainfed maize yields range from between 30% to complete catastrophic collapse. Increasing irrigation applied helped alleviate negative impacts of the climate emergency. However, even under optimal irrigation, maize yields decreased by 6-44% (except for modest increases in Villamanan [north Spain] and Montelier [south France]). For the same amount of water applied over the season, drip and sprinkler systems were conducive to greater yields than furrow irrigation (1-63% and 1-52%, respectively), with the rotating sprinkler (pivot) irrigation providing the highest average water use efficiency (10-17 kg grain/mm water). Drip irrigation – characterised by smaller amounts of water applied more frequently for a longer duration - was conducive to higher evaporation losses than pivot and furrow. Understanding the impacts of climate variability under future climates will be critically important for developing productive, profitable, efficient irrigation strategies that improve security of carbon, water and food.Keywords: Climate change, irrigation management, crop yield, water use efficiency, Mediterranean region 
Most Asian economies consist of tourism attraction destinations. The traditional literature explores the cultural, social, and economic effects of tourism; thus, there exists a vacuum related to the impacts of tourism development on the human health of local people. Hence, the current study examines the impact of tourism development on health outcomes of the tourism-based selected Asian economies. The panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology is used to deduce the short-run and long-run impacts of tourism development on health outcomes. The results disclose that tourism activities insignificantly influence health outcomes in the short run. However, tourism development brings improvement in health outcomes in the long run. This research offers a new approach highlighting the significance of tourism development for human health and emphasizes the importance of tourism development for destination management and marketing.
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