EFSA JournalVolume 20, Issue 2 e07074 Scientific OpinionOpen Access Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Corresponding Author EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) nda@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:nda@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorDominique Turck, Dominique TurckSearch for more papers by this authorTorsten Bohn, Torsten BohnSearch for more papers by this authorJacqueline Castenmiller, Jacqueline CastenmillerSearch for more papers by this authorStefaan de Henauw, Stefaan de HenauwSearch for more papers by this authorKaren Ildico Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico Hirsch-ErnstSearch for more papers by this authorHelle Katrine Knutsen, Helle Katrine KnutsenSearch for more papers by this authorAlexander Maciuk, Alexander MaciukSearch for more papers by this authorInge Mangelsdorf, Inge MangelsdorfSearch for more papers by this authorHarry J McArdle, Harry J McArdleSearch for more papers by this authorAndroniki Naska, Androniki NaskaSearch for more papers by this authorCarmen Peláez, Carmen PeláezSearch for more papers by this authorKristina Pentieva, Kristina PentievaSearch for more papers by this authorAlfonso Siani, Alfonso SianiSearch for more papers by this authorFrank Thies, Frank ThiesSearch for more papers by this authorSophia Tsabouri, Sophia TsabouriSearch for more papers by this authorRoger Adan, Roger AdanSearch for more papers by this authorPauline Emmett, Pauline EmmettSearch for more papers by this authorCarlo Galli, Carlo GalliSearch for more papers by this authorMathilde Kersting, Mathilde KerstingSearch for more papers by this authorPaula Moynihan, Paula MoynihanSearch for more papers by this authorLuc Tappy, Luc TappySearch for more papers by this authorLaura Ciccolallo, Laura CiccolalloSearch for more papers by this authorAgnès de Sesmaisons-Lecarré, Agnès de Sesmaisons-LecarréSearch for more papers by this authorLucia Fabiani, Lucia FabianiSearch for more papers by this authorZsuzsanna Horvath, Zsuzsanna HorvathSearch for more papers by this authorLaura Martino, Laura MartinoSearch for more papers by this authorIrene Muñoz Guajardo, Irene Muñoz GuajardoSearch for more papers by this authorSilvia Valtueña Martínez, Silvia Valtueña MartínezSearch for more papers by this authorMarco Vinceti, Marco VincetiSearch for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Corresponding Author EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) nda@efsa.europa.eu Correspondence:nda@efsa.europa.euSearch for more papers by this authorDominique Turck, Dominique TurckSearch for more papers by this authorTorsten Bohn, Torsten BohnSearch for more papers by this authorJacqueline Castenmiller, Jacqueline CastenmillerSearch for more papers by this authorStefaan de Henauw, Stefaan de HenauwSearch for more papers by this authorKaren Ildico Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico Hirsch-ErnstSearch for more papers by this authorHelle Katrine Knutsen, Helle Katrine KnutsenSearch for more papers by this authorAlexander Maciuk, Alexander MaciukSearch for more papers by this authorInge Mangelsdorf, Inge MangelsdorfSearch for more papers by this authorHarry J McArdle, Harry J McArdleSearch for more papers by this authorAndroniki Naska, Androniki NaskaSearch for more papers by this authorCarmen Peláez, Carmen PeláezSearch for more papers by this authorKristina Pentieva, Kristina PentievaSearch for more papers by this authorAlfonso Siani, Alfonso SianiSearch for more papers by this authorFrank Thies, Frank ThiesSearch for more papers by this authorSophia Tsabouri, Sophia TsabouriSearch for more papers by this authorRoger Adan, Roger AdanSearch for more papers by this authorPauline Emmett, Pauline EmmettSearch for more papers by this authorCarlo Galli, Carlo GalliSearch for more papers by this authorMathilde Kersting, Mathilde KerstingSearch for more papers by this authorPaula Moynihan, Paula MoynihanSearch for more papers by this authorLuc Tappy, Luc TappySearch for more papers by this authorLaura Ciccolallo, Laura CiccolalloSearch for more papers by this authorAgnès de Sesmaisons-Lecarré, Agnès de Sesmaisons-LecarréSearch for more papers by this authorLucia Fabiani, Lucia FabianiSearch for more papers by this authorZsuzsanna Horvath, Zsuzsanna HorvathSearch for more papers by this authorLaura Martino, Laura MartinoSearch for more papers by this authorIrene Muñoz Guajardo, Irene Muñoz GuajardoSearch for more papers by this authorSilvia Valtueña Martínez, Silvia Valtueña MartínezSearch for more papers by this authorMarco Vinceti, Marco VincetiSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7074Citations: 1 Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2016-00414 Panel members: Dominique Turck, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Stefaan De Henauw, Karen Ildico Hirsch-Ernst, Torsten Bohn, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Alexandre Maciuk, Inge Mangelsdorf, Harry J McArdle, Androniki Naska, Carmen Pelaez, Kristina Pentieva, Alfonso Siani, Frank Thies, Sophia Tsabouri and Marco Vinceti. Declarations of interest: The declarations of interest of all scientific experts active in EFSA's work are available at https://ess.efsa.europa.eu/doi/doiweb/doisearch. Acknowledgements: The Panel wishes to thank the following EFSA staff members for the support provided to this scientific output: Mathias Amundsen, Davide Arcella, Ester Artau Cortacans, Elisa Aiassa, Andrea Baù, Janusz Ciok, Ionut Craciun, Valeria Ercolano, Ana García, Andrea Germini, Federico Morreale and Charlotte Salgaard Nielsen. The Panel also wishes to thank Monty Duggal for the support provided to the Working Group on Sugars until May 2018, Jean-Louis Bresson, Barbara Burlingame, Tara Dean, Susan Fairwheather-Tait, Marina Heinonen, John Kearney, Monika Nauhaeuser-Berthold, Grazyna Nowicka, Yolanda Sanz, Anders Mikael Sjödin, Martin Stern, Daniel Tomé, Hendrik van Loveren and Peter Willatts as members of the 5th NDA Panel for their contribution to the protocol; Julia Wanselius for the development of the food composition databases on added and free sugars on behalf of the mandate requestor, the authors of published papers on dietary sugars who provided individual data or additional information upon request, the national institutions of European countries which answered the questionnaire specifically developed for this scientific opinion and to those that provided food consumption data for the Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database used in this opinion. Amendment: An editorial error in relation to the conclusions on fruit juices was corrected. Information describing the process of the public consultation on the draft opinion was added. An editorial correction was carried out that does not materially affect the contents or outcome of this scientific output. To avoid confusion, the original version of the output has been removed from the EFSA Journal, but is available on request. Adopted: 15 December 2021 A plain language summary of this opinion is available under Supporting Information. It aims to enhance transparency and inform interested parties on EFSA's work on the topic using simplified language. Those interested in the more technical analysis should consult the full opinion. The Plain Language Summary of the opinion is available under supporting information section of ON-7074 Amended: 31 March 2022
Data of tertiary: secondary: primary C–H bond relative reactivity (TSP selectivity) for a number of electron transfer (ET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions of alkylbenzenes have been critically reviewed and in a few cases supplemented by additional experiments. The resulting picture indicates that there are significant differences in TSP selectivity between ET and HAT reactions. When the HAT mechanism is operating the reactivity order tertiary > secondary > primary C–H bond is always observed. This order never holds in reactions occurring by an ET mechanism where, generally, the secondary C–H bond is the most reactive one and the tertiary centre can be either more or even less reactive than the primary one. Whatever the possible reasons for these differences, it turns out that TSP C–H bond selectivity determinations can afford useful information with respect to the distinction between ET and HAT mechanisms in the oxidations of alkylbenzenes. To check this conclusion a study of TSP selectivity in the oxidation of alkylbenzenes promoted by metalloporphyrins and by microsomal cytochrome P-450 has been carried out, which has allowed us to assign a HAT mechanism to these reactions, in full accord with previous attributions.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRing-closure reactions. 18. Application of the malonic ester synthesis to the preparation of many-membered carbocyclic ringsMaria Antonietta Casadei, Carlo Galli, and Luigi MandoliniCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 15, 3127–3128Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00328a030https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00328a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views304Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRing-closure reactions. 7. Kinetics and activation parameters of lactone formation in the range of 3- to 23-membered ringsCarlo Galli, Gabriello Illuminati, Luigi Mandolini, and Pasquale TamborraCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 8, 2591–2597Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00450a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00450a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2160Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Abstract As a rebuttal to recent criticisms aimed at the mechanistic significance of the determination of the mesitylene/durene relative reactivity, it is argued that this ratio does provide reliable information about the structure of the transition state of many S E Ar reactions, supporting the operation of the ‘conventional’ ionic mechanism, as opposed to the ET mechanism. Not even in the case of competitive experiments does it appear that the criticisms are justified.
This study aimed to assess structural requirements in the enzyme/substrate interactions that are responsible for tuning the enzymatic reactivity. To better assess the role of the aspartic residue in the substrate-binding pocket of basidiomycete-type laccases, we compared the catalytic efficiency of wild-type enzymes to that of a mutant in which carboxylic acid residue Asp206 was changed to alanine. Oxidation efficiency towards phenolic substrates by laccases of Trametes villosa, Trametes versicolor and a T. versicolor D206A mutant was studied at two pH values. By the Hammett approach and Marcus analysis, we obtained unambiguous evidence that the oxidation takes place by a concerted electron/proton transfer (EPT) mechanism, and that at pH 5 (optimum pH for enzyme activity) the phenolic proton is transferred to Asp206 during the concerted electron/proton transfer process.
