Journal Article STUDIES ON MIXED INFECTION WITH POLIOVIRUS TYPE 1 AND ECHO VIRUS TYPE 7 IN MONKEYS AND CELL CULTURES Get access REISAKU KONO, REISAKU KONO Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar CHUYA HAMADA, CHUYA HAMADA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MASAO HOSHINO, MASAO HOSHINO 2Yakult Institute for Microbiological ResearchKyoto, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar TETSUO FUKADA, TETSUO FUKADA 2Yakult Institute for Microbiological ResearchKyoto, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar YOSHIMORI ASHIHARA, YOSHIMORI ASHIHARA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar HIDEAKI YAOI, JR. HIDEAKI YAOI, JR. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 78, Issue 1, July 1963, Pages 89–110, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120331 Published: 01 July 1963 Article history Received: 13 August 1962 Published: 01 July 1963
ABSTRACT Some single‐stranded RNA's, notably RNA from E. coli bacteriophage MS2, were found to induce interference with viral growth (Sindbis, vesicular stomatitis, and vaccinia viruses) in chick embryo cell culture. Oligonucleotides appear to have a more essential role for induction of interference than high molecular weight RNA, since (a) phage RNA preparations containing degraded components are more consistently effective than preparations consisting essentially of intact molecules, (b) chick embryo RNA (homologous to the cells), ineffective in itself, becomes strongly effective after digestion with T1 RNase, and (c) calf liver RNA, which gives variable results, becomes reproducibly effective after T1 RNase digestion. Certain structural specificities of oligonucleotides are required, since (a) digests by pancreatic RNase, (b) T1 RNase digests of E. coli and yeast RNA's, and (c) mononucleotides, are all ineffective or only slightly effective. Various characteristics of the interference observed indicate that the RNA does not directly inactivate free virus but inhibits viral replication, most probably by inducing some cellular processes unfavorable for viral growth. Release of interferon into the culture medium during or after RNA treatment was examined, but in many cases only low titers or none of interferon activity were observed. Experiments on Newcastle disease virus, a virus relatively insensitive to interferon, yielded variable results as to its sensitivity to RNA‐induced interference. Thus the role of interferon in the RNA‐induced interference described here remains unsettled.
The cryIVA gene encodes a component of the delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. By S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension analysis, we have identified the transcriptional initiation site of cryIVA. The transcriptional activity from the promoter was detected only for the sporulating cells more than 3 h after onset of the stationary phase. Upstream from the cryIVA transcriptional initiation site was found a nucleotide sequence partially homologous to the promoter consensus sequence for the E sigma E holoenzyme of Bacillus subtilis. Thus, it was strongly suggested that the identified cryIVA promoter, like some other crystal protein gene promoters, was under the control of sigma 35, the B. thuringiensis homolog of sigma E.
