First-order corrections, due to chiral symmetry breaking, to the $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ soft-pion theorem are calculated. The corrections turn out to be independent of any assumption of specific properties of the chiral-symmetry-breaking Hamiltonian.
An estimate of the period of $n\ensuremath{-}\overline{n}$ oscillations in vacuum is obtained to be ${t}_{n\overline{n}}\ensuremath{\ge}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ sec from the present lower bound of nuclear instability. This estimate is based on the assumption that $N\overline{n}(N \mathrm{is} n or p)$ annihilations (after a neutron in the nucleus has changed into an antineutron due to $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{n}$ transition) take place predominantly through an $I=1$, ${J}^{P}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state. The justification for this assumption is discussed.
Using SU(3) and the nonrelativistic quark model, the masses and the strong hadronic decays of heavy baryons are discussed. A number of results for the decay widths are obtained using the present experimental data as input.
Holotrichia serrata species of white grub is one of the major pests in sugarcane causing severe damage to kharif crops by its larval stages which lives inside the soil and causes quantifiable losses in the crops. Their infestation has been reported across the country and incidence is increasing every year. Current suppression strategy is mainly strategized with the use of chemical pesticides; however, none of them are found effective by farmers in lowering down their population below ETL. The biological factors that influence populations of white grubs’ complex are relevant to the potentiality of the biological control with soil fungi. Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus that occurs naturally in soils and causes disease in various insect pests. Laboratory assays were done to measure the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae against H. serrata. M. anisopliae identified as pathogenic for eggs to adult stage of test insect pest at higher dose 1010 spores/ml. The result showed that higher doses achieving greater killing in eggs and much effective for 1st and 2nd instar grub, pupal and adult stage after 20 days of treatment; however it is not recorded to be effective against 3rd instar of grub at this doze.
There is evidence for existence of massless Dirac quasiparticles in graphene, which satisfy Dirac equation in (1+2) dimensions near the so called Dirac points which lie at the corners at the graphene's brilluoin zone. We revisit the derivation of Dirac equation in (1+2) dimensions obeyed by quasiparticles in graphene near the Dirac points. It is shown that parity operator in (1+2) dimensions play an interesting role and can be used for defining "conserved" currents resulting from the underlying Lagrangian for Dirac quasiparticles in graphene which is shown to have U A (1) × U B (1) symmetry. Further the quantum field theory (QFT) of Coulomb interaction of 2D graphene is developed and applied to vacuum polarization and electron self-energy and the renormalization of the effective coupling g of this interaction and Fermi velocity v f which has important implications in the renormalization group analysis of g and v f .
We extend Weinberg's formulation of the Lagrangian involving pions and \ensuremath{\rho} mesons to include electromagnetism. We also extend this approach to SU(3). We obtain the results: ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}$=(${\mathit{m}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{2}$/g)=2${\mathit{g}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$${\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}$, ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$=g=${\mathit{m}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}$/\ensuremath{\surd}2\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}f\ensuremath{\pi}, and decay widths for ${K}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\pi} and \ensuremath{\varphi}=KK\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} as well as leptonic widths of \ensuremath{\rho}, \ensuremath{\omega}, and \ensuremath{\varphi} mesons and charge mean-square radius for ${K}^{+}$ or ${K}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ meson in mass-mixing and current-mixing models of SU(3) symmetry breaking. These results agree reasonably well with their experimental values and require ${f}_{K}$/${f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$>1 (1.1--1.3). We compare this formulation with the conventional formulation of the effective chiral Lagrangian involving \ensuremath{\rho} and ${A}_{1}$ mesons.
The degenerate leptogenesis is studied when the degeneracy in two of the heavy right-handed neutrinos [the third one is irrelevant if $\mu -\tau $ symmetry is assumed] is due to $\bar{L}\equiv (L_{e}-L_{\mu}-L_{\tau}) $ discrete symmetry. It is shown that a sizeable leptogenesis asymmetry $(\epsilon \succsim 10^{-6}) $ is possible. The level of degeneracy required also predicts the Majorana phase needed for the asymmetry. Since it is the same phase, which appears in the double $\beta $% -decay and this prediction is testable. Implication of non-zero reactor angle $\theta_{13}$ are discussed. It is shown that the contribution from $% \sin ^{2}\theta_{13}$ to leptogenesis asymmetry parameter may even dominate.An accurate measument of $\sin ^{2}\theta_{13}$ would have important implications for the mass degeneracy of heavy right-handed neutrinos.
Ten wheat genotypes viz., Inqilab-91, AS-2002, GA-2002, Manthar, Ufaq-2002, 00125, 00055, 01180, 00183 and 99022 were planted on November 10, 2003 (normal planting) and January 10, 2004 (late planting) at Wheat Research Institute, Faisalabad to study the effect of temperature on development and formation of grain. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all traits studied indicating considerable amount of variation among genotypes for each character under normal and late planting conditions. The maximum reduction of 53.75% was noted for grain yield while tillers m -2 showed less reduction (15.38%) under late planting conditions. Heat stress intensity was high (0.538), which ultimately lowered the grain yield under late planting conditions. Variety AS-2002 showed a low (0.86) heat susceptibility index for grain yield. However, Inqilab-91, 00125, 00180, and 00183 were better yielder under normal planting conditions. High genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV), heritability in broad sense (h 2 ), genetic advance as percentage of mean (GA%) were observed for grain filling duration, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plot under normal and late planting conditions. Genotypic correlation coefficients were generally in the same direction as phenotypic correlation coefficients but higher in magnitude under both planting conditions. 1000-grain weight was significantly and positively associated with harvest index at genotypic level. Under late planting conditions, grain yield per plot showed significant and positive genotypic correlation coefficients with biomass per plot and harvest index. Characters showing strong association with grain yield indicating selection for these traits are expected to result in yield improvement under normal and late planting conditions.
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