Background: Affective disorders, including bipolar depression (BDD), have high medical comorbidity, especially cardiovascular disease (CVD). The link between BDD and CVD is bidirectional, with involvement of inflammation. Inflammation in BDD may promote endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. This study utilized noninvasive Applanation Tonometry (AT) to examine the link between inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and CVD risk in BDD patients. It was an exploratory study as part of a study aimed at testing the hypothesis that modulation of inflammation improves treatment resistance.
Methods: BDD subjects (N=47) enrolled in a double-blind study to receive Escitalopram (ESC) + Celecoxib (CBX) or ESC + Placebo (PBO) for eight weeks. ESC was given at daily doses of 20-30 mg and CBX at 400 mg. AT was used to measure the Augmentation Index (AIx). Healthy subjects served as controls.
Results: BDD subjects had a higher mean AIx at baseline than healthy subjects but after controlling for confounding variables, no difference emerged. There was no correlation between severity of depression and augmentation index at baseline. CBX did not decrease AIx over the study period. Age is a significant confounding variable for AIx in all subjects, but young BDD subjects had significantly higher AIx than young healthy subjects.
Conclusions: AIx is a marker of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Several factors impact AIx, including natural aging, and inflammation. Among young BDD patients, the contributory effect of age is minimized, and the effect of depression unmasked. It is important to understand the inflammatory effects of depression, as contributory to CVD risk.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceLoyola University Stritch School of Medicine and Loyola University Medical CenterMaywood, IL Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceLoyola University Stritch School of Medicine and Loyola University Medical CenterMaywood, IL[email protected]
Background: Noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) is defined as persistent angina-like chest pain with no evidence of cardiac disease. There is some controversy about the long-term morbidity and mortality outcomes of NCCP patients. Many studies have found no significant differences in death rates in chest pain patients without coronary artery disease compared to the general population. However, studies that include longer follow-up periods and a better characterization of the NCCP population reveal a twofold elevation in the relative risk of adverse cardiac events over 5–26 years. This review sought to identify studies in relation to cardiovascular and psychological prognosis of NCCP patients. Methods: PubMed database and reference lists from relevant publications were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were systematic reviews, prospective studies, and retrospective surveys from 1970 to 2011. Search terms were as follows: chest pain, noncardiac chest pain, nonspecific chest pain, unexplained chest pain, prognosis of noncardiac chest pain, prognosis of angina with normal angiography, and angina with normal coronary arteries. Results: Studies supporting worse outcome (cardiac morbidity and mortality; n=16) included 173,875 patients with mean age 57 and mean length of follow-up 7.5 years. Studies supporting good outcome (n=25) included 244,998 patients with age 50 and length of follow-up 5 years. Articles supporting poor psychological outcome (n=9) included 3,987 patients and length of follow-up 2 years. Conclusion: There are mixed data on long-term morbidity, cardiovascular adverse events, and mortality of NCCP patients. Some studies provide supporting evidence for poor outcome, while others provide evidence for positive outcome. However, many patients with NCCP have prolonged psychosocial comorbidity. The heterogeneity of NCCP and study populations limited definitive conclusions. However, many patients with NCCP have psychiatric morbidity and poor quality of life. Several questions remain about NCPP with respect to the psychopathology and pathophysiology of this condition. Whether NCCP patients have good or bad outcome requires careful risk stratification. Keywords: chest pain, noncardiac chest pain, anxiety, angina with normal coronary arteries, microvascular angina, prognosis
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