Abstract Genus of Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae), approximately 170 species of prodigious economic and ecological importance. Studies on the genetic diversity within Pakistani Ziziphus species are limited, and to date, no single report on the application of DNA barcoding attempt for identification of Ziziphus species is available in the literature. Therefore, the current study was designed to biogeographic distribution, to assess diversity based on phenotypic traits, SSRs markers, and relationships among Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. genotypes. For the first time we use ArcGIS modeling, and their cartographic function for the identification of diversity in climatic variables such as temperature, mean diurnal, humidity, precipitation, and precipitation seasonality and the using of these techniques to determine the important variable which is responsible for the recent distribution of the Ziziphus species. A total of 11 phenotypic traits were noted and have significant phenotypic variation among the traits. The study has used 40 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers for gaining insights into the genetic diversity within 180 genotypes of Z. nummularia . Successful amplification was achieved with 27 SSRs and was applied for understanding the population structure and relationships among the genotypes. A total of 120 alleles were amplified from Z. nummularia genotypes collected from three districts of the Malakand division, alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6, averaging 4.4286. whereas polymorphism information content (PIC) from 0.332 to 0.794 in locus JSSR-490 and JSSR-97, within mean value was 0.671 per locus, expected heterozygosity (He), was 0.575, observed heterozygosity (Ho), 0.6618 and average gene diversity 0.494. Flow estimates (6.415) indicated frequent gene flow within Z. nummularia genotypes . Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed high genetic variability (80%). The genetic relationship inferred from the neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogeny separate genotypes into three clusters and Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analyses and PCoA analysis resolved all genotypes and indicted that the KP, populations, Swat and Buner, represent excesses of two different migration routes, with one designated from Swat and Dir (L). The overall results indicated the prevalence of genetic variability and relationships among Z. nummularia across geographical boundaries has retained unique alleles and this may facilitate the development of agronomically desirable and genetically improved Ziziphus cultivars and collections that can help achieve efficient conservation.
Laccase genes produce laccase enzymes that play a crucial role in the production of lignin and oxidation reactions within plants. Lignin is a complex polymer that provides structure and toughness to the cell walls of numerous fruit plants. The LAC genes that encode laccase enzymes play vital roles in plant physiology, including the synthesis of pigments like PA that contribute to the colors of fruits, and in defending against pathogens and environmental stresses. They are crucial for fruit development, ripening, structural maintenance in plants, and adaptation to various environmental factors. As such, these genes and enzymes are essential for plant growth and development, as well as for various biotechnological applications in environmental remediation and industrial processes. This review article emphasizes the significance of genes encoding laccase enzymes during fruit growth, specifically pertaining to the strengthening of the endocarp through lignification. This process is crucial for ensuring fruit defense and optimizing seed scattering. The information gathered in this article will aid breeders in producing future fruit-bearing plants that are resistant to disease, cost-effective, and nutrient-rich.
Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. is an ethnobotanically important threatened plant species. The genetic diversity among the 50 different genotypes of Alnus nitida was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) characterization. A considerable amount of genetic diversity (90%) was observed among the genotypes of A. nitida. The protein characterization was carried out on 12% gel electrophoresis. A total of 10 protein bands were detected in A. nitida genotypes. SDS-PAGE procedure is a useful method for the investigation of both genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship. Especially, B-5 was monomorphic in A. nitida genotypes and was considered as species specific. All other bands/loci were polymorphic. These polymorphic bands displayed 12, 16, 72, 88, 2, 44, 84, 54 and 12 percent variation respectively. In the present examination, the high intra-specific diversity was observed representing SDS-PAGE is a powerful tool for determining the genetically diverse germplasms in A. nitida. The results obtained by this study could be helpful in the identification and selection of desired genotypes of Alnus nitida for conservation programmes in future. Today, there is still a need to assess genetic variation and protect genetic resources, especially of wild species for prospective benefits in plant conservation programmes.
Stone (hardened endocarp) has a very important role in the continuity of plant life. Nature has gifted plants with various seed protection and dispersal strategies. Stone-fruit-bearing species have evolved a unique adaptation in which the seed is encased in an extremely hard wood-like shell called the stone. The lignification of the fruit endocarp layer produces the stone, a feature that separates drupes from other plants. Stone cells emerge from parenchyma cells after programmed cell death and the deposition of cellulose and lignin in the secondary cell wall. Generally, the deposition of lignin in primary cell walls is followed by secondary thickening of cell walls to form stone cells. This review article describes the molecular mechanisms and factors that influence the production of stone in the fruit. This is the first review article that describes the molecular mechanisms regulating stone (harden endocarp) formation in fruits. This article will help breeders understand the molecular and genetic basis for the stone formation in fruit, and this could lead to new and innovative directions to breed stoneless fruit cultivars in the future.
The basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily is the most widespread family of transcription factors in eukaryotic organisms, which can activate the expression of genes by interacting with specific promoters in the genes. The bHLH transcription factors direct the development and metabolic process of plants, including flowering initiation and secondary metabolite production, by attaching to specific sites on their promoters. These transcription factors are essential for encouraging plant tolerance or the adjustment to harsh environmental conditions. The involvement of bHLH genes in anthocyanin formation in fleshy fruit-bearing plants, as well as the role of these genes in response to stimuli including drought, salt, and cold stress, are discussed in this article. New concepts and goals for the production of stress-tolerant fruit species are suggested. Furthermore, solid evidence for the critical role of bHLH genes in the growth and development, as well as anthocyanin biosynthesis in fleshy fruit plants, are also presented in this article. This review identifies several future research directions that can shed light on the roles of bHLH genes in fruit-bearing plants and will assist the use of these genes in efforts to breed fruit crop varieties that are more resistant to stress. Generally, there has been little research carried out on the role of bHLHs transcription factor family genes in fleshy fruit-bearing plant species and more in-depth studies are required to fully understand the diverse role of bHLH genes in these species.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'/%3e%3cpath fill='%23fff' d='m8.751-17.959 10.11 11.373L3.997-9.844l13.94-6.1-7.692 13.129z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
