The effect of exercise and lactic acid infusion was studied in nonanesthetized dogs. Both procedures decreased the plasma free fatty acid level (FFA) as well as the concentration of the major individual fatty acids (palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids) of FFA. The percentage contribution of oleic and frequently of linoleic acid to the total FFA was also diminished after exercise or lactic acid infusion. Similar alterations in FFA were also observed due to Nembutal or morphine-chloralose anesthesia. The changes observed during exercise, or lactic acid infusion were similar to those produced by the administration of insulin or glucagon and opposite to those produced by epinephrine or norepinephrine.
Abstract : We have performed a study of the effects of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation on isolated heart function of guinea pigs. In vivo hemodynamics were monitored during hemorrhage, shock and resuscitation and then intrinsic function of the heart was assessed. Three time periods were studied - 1, 2 or three hours of shock. In some animals shock lasted for 1 hour and then guinea pigs were resuscitated with whole blood or dextran 70,000 MW (same volume as the blood that was removed). The data collected from the isolated heart indicated that hemorrhagic shock lasting 1, 2 or 3 hours by itself did not cause major dysfunction of the heart. The only change in heart function that seems to occur was in the 3 hour shock group in which the left ventricular compliance was slightly depressed. In animals that had been resuscitated with whole blood or with 6% dextran, ventricular performance was depressed compared to control hearts and compared to hearts from animals in hemorrhagic shock suggesting that reperfusion contributed significantly to myocardial dysfunction resulting from hemorrhagic shock. We have also demonstrated that resuscitation with Ringer's lactate improves cardiovascular status to the same extent as does dextran. Giving four times the shed blood volume vs a volume equal to the shed volume, however, it made little difference in the recovery noted. Finally, we have determined that alcohol, given 30 minutes prior to the hemorrhage, impairs the cardiovascular an respiratory compensation for severe blood loss and results in greater mortality
Mechanisms that limit metabolic acidemia during shock are limited by ethanol (EtOH). This may be due to (1) loss of respiratory compensation, (2) a greater fall in cardiac output, (3) altered removal of plasma lactate by the liver, and (4) alterations in central nervous system orchestration of compensatory responses. We have previously shown that loss of metabolic compensation during hemorrhage is correlated with plasma EtOH concentrations. The present study determines if the mode of ethanol administration influences compensation during hemorrhage. Male guinea pigs were administered EtOH (1 g/kg, 30% wt/vol) via intraperitoneal (IP) or intragastric (IG) routes. After 30 minutes, 60% of the estimated blood volume was removed. Animals remained in shock for 30 minutes were resuscitated with lactated Ringer solution and monitored for 3 hours. Plasma EtOH levels were similar in the 2 groups at the initiation of, and during, hemorrhage and resuscitation. Animals given EtOH IP exhibited more severe acidemia. The mode of EtOH administration may affect hepatic ethanol and lactate metabolism, thus exacerbating acidemia. An altered central nervous system response may impact compensatory responses during shock. Our results indicate that the “history” of the EtOH episode may be an important determinant in the compensation for hemorrhage and resuscitation.
Plasma free fatty acids were determined chemically and by gas chromatography in different anatomical sites. The myocardium removed palmitic and oleic acids and lesser amounts of stearic and linoleic acids. Electrically stimulated skeletal muscle took up oleic acid in greatest quantities. Liver showed consistent removal of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids and an occasional uptake of other acids. The splanchnic area did not remove or mobilize free fatty acids. The composition of free fatty acids in thoracic duct lymph was similar to that in arterial blood, with the exception of a higher percentage of linoleic and possibly oleic acid. The total and free fatty acid fractions of the inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue showed a similar distribution of fatty acids. Both were relatively high in oleic and linoleic acids. Free fatty acid released by adipose tissue had a lower oleic and linoleic acid content than that present in the cell.
