During 29 months of prospective longitudinal study of diarrhea in the home, human rotaviruses (HRVs) infected one or more members in 51% of 65 families, 35 of 126 children (28%) and 16 of 124 adults (13%). Within the 33 affected families, 57% of 62 children and 25% of 65 adults were infected. HRV gastroenteritis peaked at 40/100 person years at ages 12 to 23 months and decreased to 5 episodes/100 person years in adults. Among 25 children 0 through 36 months of age who had HRV infection, 88% were symptomatic. Of the 22 children with symptomatic HRV infection, 1 required hospitalization and 8 were seen by their physician for supportive care. HRVs were found in 12% of 216 stools obtained during gastrointestinal illness, but in only 0.2% of 1238 non-illness stools tested. HRV infections were noted as early as October and as late as April. Of 33 families who were studied for 2 seasons, at least 1 individual in each of 3 families experienced HRV infections in both years, but only one, an adult, shed virus and had symptoms in both seasons.
Journal Article EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION IN WASHINGTON, D.C. III. COMPOSITE ANALYSIS OF ELEVEN CONSECUTIVE YEARLY EPIDEMICS Get access CARL D. BRANDT, CARL D. BRANDT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar HYUN WHA KIM, HYUN WHA KIM Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JULITA O. ARROBIO, JULITA O. ARROBIO Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar BARBARA C. JEFFRIES, BARBARA C. JEFFRIES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar SERRAH C. WOOD, SERRAH C. WOOD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT M. CHANOCK, ROBERT M. CHANOCK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT H. PARROTT ROBERT H. PARROTT 2 2Reprint request to Dr. Parrott, Children's Hospital, 2125 Thirteenth St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 98, Issue 5, November 1973, Pages 355–364, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121565 Published: 01 November 1973 Article history Received: 02 March 1973 Published: 01 November 1973
SummaryThe development of RS virus neutralizing activity in nasal secretions was documented in 7 of 17 infants and children who were hospitalized for RS virus lower respiratory tract disease. Most of the patients in whom a rise in secretory neutralizing activity did not occur possessed moderately high levels of such activity in secretions collected at the time of admission to the hospital. At present we favor the view that this acute phase neutralizing activity represents antibody which developed early in the course of infection (possibly earlier than serum antibody) rather than the alternate possibility of nonspecific inhibitors in secretions.
A Step Change in Perforating Technology Improves Productivity of Horizontal Wells in the North Sea Morten Stenhaug; Morten Stenhaug Statoil Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Leif Erichsen; Leif Erichsen Statoil Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Fokko H.C. Doornbosch; Fokko H.C. Doornbosch Schlumberger Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Robert A. Parrott Robert A. Parrott Schlumberger Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October 2003. Paper Number: SPE-84910-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/84910-MS Published: October 20 2003 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Stenhaug, Morten, Erichsen, Leif, Doornbosch, Fokko H.C., and Robert A. Parrott. "A Step Change in Perforating Technology Improves Productivity of Horizontal Wells in the North Sea." Paper presented at the SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/84910-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific Search Advanced Search AbstractThis paper describes the introduction of a new perforating system in Norway, including its development based on operator specifications. Field examples demonstrate the measurable success of the system, showing a three- to sixfold increase in productivity and production rates as high as 8500 m3/D per well.The Visund field is located in the North Sea, about 150 km off the coast of mid-Norway. High reservoir pressure and insufficient formation strength made it necessary to perforate in relatively heavy completion fluid with the guns oriented for sand prevention. The first wells, perforated in water-based fluid with zinc charges, produced below expectations. Potential causes were identified as insufficient depth of penetration, high overbalance when perforating, and zinc precipitation damaging the formation. There were also indications from other fields that the orienting technology in use was not producing expected results.The operator started an initiative to improve the perforating system. Design criteria included deep-penetrating, low-debris steel charges that minimize debris and improve performance, increased gun-void volume for a better surge effect, accurate orientation of the perforation tunnel regardless of dogleg severity, and confirmation of the orientation. The operator and the service company collaborated to develop a system that would provide a better solution. The system was tested and qualified before it was introduced in the Visund field. To optimize perforation cleanup during static overbalanced well conditions, a dynamic underbalance method was selected.Since December 2001, six wells have been completed on Visund using the new system. In one well the dynamic underbalance response was confirmed from downhole pressure gauges run directly above the guns. The combined benefits of the perforating system, the dynamic underbalance, and a special kill pill have resulted in up to sixfold increase in productivity. The gun orientation is verifiably within requirements, and perforating debris have been minimal.IntroductionThe Visund field is a subsea development (Fig. 1) about 150 km off the coast of mid-Norway. It was put on production in April 1999 by Norsk Hydro ASA. On the 1st January 2003 the field was taken over by Statoil ASA as part of an agreement. Visund has proven to be a highly complicated reservoir to exploit, with a complex geology containing many surprises. The heterogeneous fault-segmented reservoir consists of Jurassic fluvial and deltaic sands with the main pay zone permeabilities ranging from 300 to 3,000 md. The wells, as are an increasing number of wells in the North Sea, were drilled and completed with long horizontal sections to reach several targets with one well. A typical well path is shown in Fig. 2, which illustrates the complex sinusoidal well paths required. The relatively high reservoir pressure and temperature of 440 bar and 115°C at mean sea level (MSL) of 2950 m true vertical depth further increased the drilling complexity.The Visund wells are completed using a 7-in. monobore completion in a 10 3/4-in. casing (Fig. 3). The unconfined compressive strength of the weak formations varies between 5 and 20 MPa and requires some method of sand exclusion. Because the lower range formation strength is 5 MPa, oriented perforating in the direction of the maximum stress can be used as a sand prevention technique for these wells.1–3 The alternative would be to complete the wells with screens for sand control. The drilling time of these complex horizontal wells is relatively long, which results in a long exposure of high overbalanced drilling fluids to the formation, which in turn produces a deep mud filtrate invasion zone around the wellbore. Therefore screens sometimes result in poor productivity. Perforated cemented liner can be used with deep-penetrating charges to bypass this damaged zone and provide communication with the virgin formation rock. Keywords: completion installation and operations, spe 84910, operator, detonation, alignment error, gun carrier, debris, gun string, visund field, underbalance Subjects: Perforating, Completion Installation and Operations, Completion Operations This content is only available via PDF. 2003. Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
During October, November and December, 1959, para-influenza 2, or croup-associated (CA), virus was recovered from 7 of 28 patients with croup. Three additional patients were infected with this agent, as indicated by serologic tests. The incidence of virus recovery from patients with croup was many times greater than from comparable control infants and children, regardless of the attribute compared. These findings constitute the first evidence from controlled epidemiologic studies that para-influenza 2 virus has an etiologic relationship to the croup syndrome. They also indicate the variable prevalence of para-influenza 2 virus, which differs from the almost constant presence of para-influenza 3 virus and para-influenza 1 virus in the pediatric population under study.
ON February 11, 1954, a two-year-old girl with acute febrile rhinitis, pharyngitis and conjunctivitis was admitted to the Infectious and Parasitic Disease Service of the Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health, as a subject in the clinical and etiologic study of acute respiratory illnesses. During her admission examination she coughed in the face of the attending pediatrician, in whom, six days later, mild rhinitis, pharyngitis and unilateral conjunctivitis developed. Eight days after the admission of this child, the pediatric nurse who attended her and a seven-year-old girl who occupied the other bed in her hospital room also manifested . . .
Reoviruslike particles were visualized by electron microscopy in stool filtrates prepared from stools of infants and young children with severe acute gastroenteritis. Patients who had such particles in their stools and whose paired acute and convalescent serums were tested developed an antibody response to the reoviruslike agent, which was measured by immune electron microscopy and by complement fixation. The reoviruslike agent was antigenically related to the epizootic diarrhea of infant mice virus and the Nebraska calf diarrhea virus.
FOR many past summers, a disease entity characterized by fever with vesicular or ulcerated throat lesions and chiefly affecting children has been prevalent in the District of Columbia and its environs. During the summer of 1950 it became widely disseminated, assuming epidemic proportions during July and August. There was general agreement among the physicians practicing in these areas that the disease made its appearance with some regularity each summer, was highly contagious and usually ran a benign, self-limited course. It is now apparent that this disease was herpangina, a specific entity described by Zahorsky1 , 2 in 1920. Very few reports on . . .
