Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of disease characterised by progressive optic nerve degeneration with a complex genetics basis. It is broadly classified into primary and secondary based on their etiology and aqueous humor dynamics. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) occurs most commonly. In this study, disease-causing genes network was designed using cystoscope software. The DisGenNet plugin is used for mining the data from curated and BeFree database source. In this network, 89 (28.25 %) genes were reported with Genetic variation, Causal Mutation 6 (6.7%), Biomarker 220 (69.8%) in 25 subtypes of glaucoma. In this disease 179, genetic variations in 50 genes were associated with the glaucoma disease. Maximum gene found with intron variant around 38.70% followed by missense variant around 38.20%. In this study, it is found that a maximum number of the generic variation shown the modifier impact on the disease. The Designing gene-disease network helps in understanding the role of genes in the complex disease. It is a new approach to predict gene-disease association based on network analysis.
The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethno pharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals viz; Simple phenols and phenolic acids (spp.2) Quinones (spp.3) Flavones, flavonoids, and flavonol (spp.3), Tannins (spp.7) coumarins, (spp.1), Terpenoids and Essential Oils (spp.19), Alkaloids (spp.9) Lectins and polypeptides (spp.5), mixture (spp.4), other compounds (spp.1) and new antimicrobial plant origins (spp.7) are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.
In novel therapeutics molecules, insilico drug discovery is an emerging and effective alternative for identification. Thalassemia is a group of anaemia that result from inherited defect in the production of haemoglobin. Patients with thalassemia do not produce sufficient beta cells because their cells cannot produce beta polypeptide chain of haemoglobin. During gestation fetal haemoglobin (HbF) is the major haemoglobin present. Beta globin chain in thalassemia patients is stabilized by γ globin which combines to form fetal haemoglobin. The property of inducing gamma globin gene expression by the search for bioactive molecules exhibiting is of great interest. Several therapeutic approaches are using to reactivating fetal haemoglobin and increasing its concentration. One of the approaches is histone deacetylase which plays an important role in beta thalassemia diseases. As a result, the goal of this research was to find alternative therapeutic molecules made from natural inducers that had fewer side effects than traditional medications for treating beta thalassemia. We used Schrodinger suites to develop computational approaches for estimating drug and target binding affinities. The target enzyme's sequence alignments contain 539 amino acid residues, and bioactive chemicals that act as ligand molecules were acquired from the plant Andrographis paniculata . We used molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME analysis. The current study explores the binding pattern of Andrographoilde and Vorinostat (SAHA) against their target protein (PDBIDs: 6G3O), respectively using molecular docking and dynamic simulation (MD) approaches. The molecular docking results show that Andrographoilde binds within the active region of HDAC2 inhibitors by forming hydrogen bonds against ASP104 and TYR 308 respectively. However, the Vorinostat interacts with TYR 308, GLY 142, ARE39 and GLY 154 respectively. Using Molecular Dynamics, the Root Mean Square Deviation and Fluctuation (RMSD/F) graphs show that Andrographoilde residual fluctuations and RMSD value (0.4 nm) was much better compared to Vorinostat (0.36 nm). Moreover, the radius of gyration (Rg) results also depicts the significance of Andrographoilde docked complex compared to Vorinostat through residual compactness. Our comparative results show that Andrographoilde may be a similar therapeutic agent for managing beta thalassemia as compare to Vorinostat.
Abstract Background: Earlier research on Andrographis paniculata focused on documenting their bioactive compounds profiles and traditional use. Before making a drug-like substance prediction using information from in silico experimental models, the current work aimed to examine and analyze the ADMET properties. This study assessed the drug-likeness and ADMET characteristics of bioactive compounds from A. paniculata. Materials and Methods: The current study will be the first to use the free online tool Swiss ADME to report the ADME characteristics of A. paniculata . The ADME properties of 10 bioactive compounds from A. paniculata were screened, and the results were evaluated. Results: Six bioactive compounds were identified to have good gastrointestinal absorption and can penetrate the brain. These compounds include andrographolide, 14-Acetylandrographolide, Drf3188, Neoandrographolide, Isoandrographolide, and 3,19-O-diacetyl andrographolide. On the other hand, three of the bioactive compounds were found to show Ames mutagenicity: 19-O-Acetylandrographolide, 3,19-isopropylideneandrographolide, and 14-glycinylandrographolide hydrochloride. Except 5-Hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone, most of these substances do not serve as substrates for both P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes (CYP). Furthermore, all the compounds were found to pass the Lipinski rule of five, indicating their potential suitability as drug candidates. Conclusion: Swiss ADME has proven to be an effective, dependable, and straightforward method for determining the ADME characteristics of the bioactive compounds in A. paniculata . Based on the information, it was predicted that A. panicluata would be effective in managing the disease. To validate these findings, it is advisable to conduct further controlled experimental research exploring the bioactive compounds’ pharmacological effects.
Objective: To isolate an endophytic fungal laccase producer from the Ziziphus mauritiana plant leaves in the surroundings of paper mill effluents and to study its role in the decolorization of synthetic dyes, removal of COD and phenol from industrial effluents. Methods: Laccase-producing endophytic fungi were isolated and screened by using an agar plate method. The positive isolates were identified, and laccase activity was determined by using spectrophotometric methods to monitor the oxidation of guaiacol and optimizing various parameters affecting laccase production. The molecular mass of the purified laccase enzyme was determined by using 12% SDSgel electrophoresis. Industrial effluents were treated with laccase to remove phenol, decolorize dyes, and reduce chemical oxygen demand. For the analysis, a spectrophotometric method was employed. Findings: One of the most effective endophytic fungal isolates, Aspergillus oryzae, was screened as a maximum laccase producer. The optimal pH of 6, temperature of 35 oC, inoculation period of 8 days, and the inoculum number of 3 discs/100 ml of Czapek Dox Broth in submerged culture were determined for the maximum laccase production. Sucrose and sodium nitrate, as carbon and nitrogen sources, considerably assisted laccase production. The molecular weight of the isolated laccase from A. oryzae was 66 kDa. The greatest activity was determined to be 64.2 U/mL, which is two times more than under unoptimized conditions. After the fifth day of exposure, the A. oryzae laccase decolorizes the synthetic dyes Bromophenol blue, Congo red, Methyl orange, and Phenol red.Chemical oxygen demand and phenolic pollutants’ clearance rates were 38–43% and 60% from coal and textile effluents during their exposure times, respectively. Novelty: A. oryzae was discovered to be a potent natural laccase producer endophytic fungus from paper mill effluents, which may be used for decolorizing non-textile dyes, treatment of various industrial effluents, and other industrial purposes. Keywords: Endophytic Fungi; Aspergillus oryzae; Laccase; Chemical oxygen demand; Synthetic dyes
In India, Tomato is an essential horticulture crops which is an abundant source of polyphenol oxidase. Plants able to resist infections against microbial and viral due to presence of Polyphenol oxidases. Polyphenol oxidase was extracted from tomato peel and pulp with sodium phosphate buffer and purified through salt precipitation and dialysis. The enzyme activity of Polyphenol oxidase was determined by spectrophotometric assay using catechol. The specific activity of tomato peel crude enzyme was 16.296U/mg and purified enzyme was 240 U/mg whereas tomato pulp crude enzyme had the specific activity 5U/mg and 70U/mg in purified. Protein concentration of purified peel and pulp polyphenol oxidase was analysed 0.18μg/ml and 0.21μg/ml respectively. Dye degradation was also performed. Whereas auromine degraded by purified peel 80.76% and purified pulp 73.08%.
Medicinal Plants are the good source of natural antimicrobial agents. The main aim of present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of stem and root of Rauwolfia serpentina against six microorganism, Powdered stem and root of plant were extracted with acetone, chloroform and methanol and streptomycin used as positive control. The antibacterial activity of Rauwolfia serpentine was detected by using disc diffusion method and agar well diffusion method on the following bacteria- Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus fusiformis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. luminescens. The experiment reported that R. serpentina Root methanol extract shown 14.86 ± 1.11 highest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa through well diffusion method. Whereas root chloroform recorded 13.46 ± 1.28 highest antibacterial activity against E. coli through disc diffusion method, maximum zone of inhibition 22.66±0.52 mm was found for the positive control, streptomycin through well diffusion method. Further studies should be undertaken to reveal the correct mechanism of action of antimicrobial effect to identify the active ingredients which can be used in drug development program.
Aim: To compare the antimicrobial efficacy of five Medicinal plant extracts against two strains of Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries using Agar well diffusion method. Materials and methods: Five plant extracts were prepared by soxhlet extraction method using organic solvent. These extracts were tested against Streptococcus mutans MTCC 497& MTCC 890 causing dental caries by Agar well diffusion method. Result: All the five plants extract are evaluated against both the strains of Streptococcus mutans. The highest zone of inhibition has been observed in the organic solvent based extract of Pongamia pinnata and Acacia catechu against the strain of S. mutans MTCC 890 is 15mm and 17mm which is same as the antibiotic (amoxicillin) inhibition zone and against MTCC 497 is 14mm and 16mm at concentration of 200µg/ml. Conclusion: This study concluded that the organic solvent based extract of Acacia catechu, Pongamia pinnata, Putranjiva roxburghii, Zanthoxylum armatum, and Zanthoxylum nitidum are effective against both the strains of Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497& MTCC 890) and can be used as a potential source for making herbal medicines or tooth paste that can be used to cure dental caries.
The aim of the study to isolate and identify new laccase sources from an endophytic fungal source that could be used as a weapon foreliminating and detoxifying contaminants found in wastewater and aquatic habitats. Isolation was done from Calotropis gigantean plantleaves from different locations of paper mill effluents from the “Raipur” region of Chhattisgarh, India. Positive isolates were obtainedwith a dark brown color below and surrounding the fungal colony due to guaiacol oxidation on potato dextrose agar. One potentendophytic fungal isolate that produces laccase is identified as Aspergillus turcosus by using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) andBLAST analysis. After optimization, maximum laccase production was obtained at the following conditions: medium (Czapeck Dox Broth),carbon source (sucrose), nitrogen source (sodium nitrate), pH (6), activator tannic acid (20 mM), incubation period (35°C) and duration(8 days) with 3 (8 mM fermentation) disc inoculums. The maximum laccase activity was obtained at 65 U mL-1 in submerged optimizedconditions, which was more than two fold compared to the unoptimized conditions. As estimated by SDS-PAGE, The molecular massof the monomer of pure laccase was determined to be 66 kDa. After five days of treatment with the laccase of A. turcosus, the syntheticdyes phenol red, bromophenol blue, methyl orange, and Congo red lose their colour. Clearance rates for chemical oxygen demand were59.46 and 48.57%, and phenolic contaminants were 80 and 22.3% in coal and textile effluents during the required treatment periods,respectively. One novel and potent laccase-producing endophytic fungus was successfully isolated, which can be utilized as a laccaseproducingsource for various industrial applications.
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