The purpose of this paper is to discuss en-route separation criteria applicable to the supersonic transport. Separation standards are described; equations are given and analysed which show the factors influencing separation; finally, suggestions are made for a supersonic transport air traffic control system for the North Atlantic. The discussion is concerned with longitudinal and lateral en-route separation in a non-radar environment, as opposed to radar separation in the terminal areas. The terminal problems are so complex as to require separate consideration and have been investigated by other authors. An appendix on the derivation of equations expressing statistical parameters of errors and estimated aircraft separation has here been omitted.
Joseph W. Little, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Florida, was formerly associated as a full time researcher with the University of Michigan's Highway Safety Research Institute, and continues his affiliation as a consultant. Mr. Little is a graduate of the University of Michigan Law School and has practiced law in Atlanta, Georgia and Ann Arbor, Michigan. This paper was prepared as a result of his participation in a proposal to the National Highway Safety Bureau for a major Alcohol Safety research contract to the Highway Safety Research Institute, which has devoted special attention to the place of alcohol misuse in highway tragedies.-EDITOR.
SOME FINDINGS OF A STUDY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND JUDICIAL PROCESSES IN DRUNK-DRIVING CASES IN VERMONT ARE PRESENTED. IT IS ARGUED FROM THE FINDINGS THAT SOME OF THE DEFICIENCIES IN THE SYSTEM OF ADMINISTERING JUSTICE IN THESE CASES COULD BE ELIMINATED BY CHANGED OPERATING PRACTICES. IN PARTICULAR, DRUNK-DRIVING LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT MUST HAVE GREATER DETERRENT VALUE THAN AT PESENT. IN ADDITION, THERE NEEDS TO BE GREATER PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE RELATION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION TO BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL LAWS ASSOCIATED WITH THAT LEVEL. EARLY DISPOSITION OF CASES AND WORK- RELEASE PROGRAMS WOULD PROBABLY HAVE A CONSIDERABLE DETERRENT EFFECT, AS WOULD LAWS THAT REQUIRE LIQUOR STORES AND RESTAURANTS TO POST INFORMATION ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF ALCOLHOL.
Abstract : The purposes of this study are (1) identification of the significant factors that influence en route separation minima for aircraft in flight and (2) development of a mathematical model that functionally relates these factors. Both radar and non-radar modes of ATC are considered; only the domestic ATC and the domestic navigational environment are included; variable aircraft spacings are not explicitly analyzed and are considered only to the extent that they influence the fixed standards; and the computation of specific spacing criteria is undertaken only for illustrative purposes. The result of this effort is that the smallest and least detailed set of factors characterizing the problem at hand have been identified, and these have been related to each other by a general model utilizing the mathematics of probability theory. These factors are the distance, time, and speed relationships of the aircraft involved, and, most importantly, the probability theory. These factors are the distance, time, and speed relationships of the aircraft involved, and, most importantly, the probability density functions which describe the accuracy to which these variables are known to the data processing, decision-making, and control elements of the system. The model is believed to be completely exhaustive in that any source of error in the entire ATC system should be identifiable as a component of one of the three basic errors. (Author)
The authors have included not only legal literature but information published in scientific and other non-legal journals having some relevance to legal issues. The literature has been treated in the following categories: (1) Alcohol ingestion and driver performance: experimental studies; (2) alcohol ingestion and driver performance: field studies; (3) measurement of BAC's and drug concentrations; (4) identification of problem drinking drivers; (5) evaluation of countermeasures; (6) legal and constitutional issues in anti-drinking, driver enforcement, adjudication and sentencing. Although this review includes both alcohol and drug related publications, very few publications concerning legal aspects of drugs were available. In addition to extensive references, the authors have provided a bibliography.
