Muenke syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by coronal suture craniosynostosis, hearing loss, developmental delay, carpal and tarsal fusions, and the presence of the Pro250Arg mutation in the FGFR3 gene. Reduced penetrance and variable expressivity contribute to the wide spectrum of clinical findings in Muenke syndrome. To better define the clinical features of this syndrome, we initiated a study of the natural history of Muenke syndrome. To date, we have conducted a standardized evaluation of nine patients with a confirmed Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3. We reviewed audiograms from an additional 13 patients with Muenke syndrome. A majority of the patients (95%) demonstrated a mild-to-moderate, low frequency sensorineural hearing loss. This pattern of hearing loss was not previously recognized as characteristic of Muenke syndrome. We also report on feeding and swallowing difficulties in children with Muenke syndrome. Combining 312 reported cases of Muenke syndrome with data from the nine NIH patients, we found that females with the Pro250Arg mutation were significantly more likely to be reported with craniosynostosis than males (P < 0.01). Based on our findings, we propose that the clinical management should include audiometric and developmental assessment in addition to standard clinical care and appropriate genetic counseling.
(The American Journal of Human Genetics 109, 1140–1152; June 2, 2022) In the originally published version of this article, in Table 3, the column heading “Placenta biopsies” was placed erroneously under “Available clinical follow-up” instead of under “Available cytogenic follow-up.” The authors apologize for this error, which has been corrected online. Clinical impact of additional findings detected by genome-wide non-invasive prenatal testing: Follow-up results of the TRIDENT-2 studyvan Prooyen Schuurman et al.The American Journal of Human GeneticsJune 02, 2022In BriefIn the TRIDENT-2 study, all pregnant women in the Netherlands are offered genome-wide non-invasive prenatal testing (GW-NIPT) with a choice of receiving either full screening or screening solely for common trisomies. Previous data showed that GW-NIPT can reliably detect common trisomies in the general obstetric population and that this test can also detect other chromosomal abnormalities (additional findings). However, evidence regarding the clinical impact of screening for additional findings is lacking. Full-Text PDF Open Access
Abstract The Rab3A and Rab3gaps are essential to the Ca +2 -dependent neuronal exocytosis in the hypothalamus. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) controls food intake and energy expenditure. We have earlier described that the high-fat diet (HFD) feeding induces an obesity phenotype with high leptin production and alteration of proteins related to endosome sorting, and ubiquitination in the ARC of mice. In this study, real-time PCR data analysis revealed that HFD feeding decreases significantly Rab3a, Rab3gap1 , and Rab3gap2 transcript levels in the ARC when compared to the group receiving a control diet. The decrease of Rab3gap1/2 transcript levels in the ARC was strongly associated with an increase in plasma leptin. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that HFD feeding could be altering the general network of endosome compartmentalization in the ARC of mice, contributing to a failure in exocytosis and receptor recycling. Graphical abstract
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The presence of an unbalanced familial translocation can be reliably assessed in the cytotrophoblast of chorionic villi. However, carriers of a balanced translocation often decline invasive testing. This study aimed to investigate whether an unbalanced translocation can also be diagnosed in cell free DNA by whole-genome non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS).Pregnant women carrying a fetus with an unbalanced familial translocation, for whom NIPS as well as microarray data were available, were included in this retrospective assessment. NIPS was performed in the course of the TRIDENT study.In 12 cases, both NIPS and microarray data were available. In 10 of 12 cases the unbalanced translocation was correctly identified by NIPS without prior knowledge on parental translocation. One was missed because the fetal fraction was too low. One was missed because of technical restrictions in calling 16p gains.This study supports the hypothesis that routine NIPS may be used for prenatal diagnosis of unbalanced inheritance of familial translocations, especially with prior knowledge of the translocation allowing focused examination of the involved chromosomal regions. Our study showed that routine shallow sequencing designed for aneuploidy detection in cell free DNA may be sufficient for higher resolution NIPS, if specialized copy number software is used and if sufficient fetal fraction is present.
Objective Screen the known craniosynostotic related gene, FGFR1 (exon 7), and two new identified potential candidates, CER1 and CDON, in patients with syndromic and nonsyndromic metopic craniosynostosis to determine if they might be causative genes. Design Using single-strand conformational polymorphisms (SSCPs), denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, and/or direct sequencing, we analyzed a total of 81 patients for FGFR1 (exon 7), 70 for CER1, and 44 for CDON. Patients Patients were ascertained in the Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano in São Paulo, Brazil (n = 39), the Craniofacial Unit, Oxford, U.K. (n = 23), and the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (n = 31). Clinical inclusion criteria included a triangular head and/or forehead, with or without a metopic ridge, and a radiographic documentation of metopic synostosis. Both syndromic and nonsyndromic patients were studied. Results No sequence alterations were found for FGFR1 (exon 7). Different patterns of SSCP migration for CER1 compatible with the segregation of single nucleotide polymorphisms reported in the region were identified. Seventeen sequence alterations were detected in the coding region of CDON, seven of which are new, but segregation analysis in parents and homology studies did not indicate a pathological role. Conclusions: FGFR1 (exon 7), CER1, and CDON are not related to trigonocephaly in our sample and should not be considered as causative genes for metopic synostosis. Screening of FGFR1 (exon 7) for diagnostic purposes should not be performed in trigonocephalic patients.
(Abstracted from Prenat Diagn 2020;40:1338–1342) Confined placental mosaicism (CPM) describes a chromosomally abnormal placenta with a chromosomally normal fetus. Confined prenatal mosaicism may be detected prenatally by either chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell-free DNA (cfDNA), which evaluates the DNA released from cytotrophoblast (CTB) into maternal blood.
Graniossinostose caracteriza-se pelo fechamento prematuro de uma ou mais suturas cranianas. As craniossinostoses formam um grupo bastante heterogêneo, com uma incidência de 1 para 2000-3000 nascimentos. Tanto fatores ambientais como genéticos podem estar relacionados com o surgimento das craniossinostoses. Na última década, verificou-se que mutações em 4 genes (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, TWIST) podem causar formas sindrômicas de craniossinostose bem definidas clinicamente, a saber: Sindromes de Apert, Pfeiffer, Crouzon, Jackson-Weiss, Beare-Stevenson e Saethre-Chotzen. Ainda, duas novas síndromes foram clinicamente e molecularmente caracterizadas: a síndrome de Muenke e a de Boston. O quadro clínico associado com estas duas formas de craniossinostose é bastante variado. incluindo desde paciente com crânio em trevo até aqueles com apenas craniossinostose da sutura coronal (bilateral ou unilateral), os quais são classificados como portadores de craniossinostose não sindrômica. Uma precisa correlação fenótipo-genótipo têm sido difícil na grande maioria dos casos devido à sobreposição do quadro clínico e pela heterogeneidade genética do grupo, e portanto o teste molecular pode ser importante para o diagnóstico de um grande número de pacientes. O padrão de herança das craniossinostoses acima referidas é o autossômico dominante, o que significa que um indivíduo afetado possui 50% de chance de vir a ter um filho afetado com a mesma condição. Outros padrões de herança também têm sido relatados, sendo sempre importante uma avaliação genética e clínica de todos os membros da família do afetado. Exemplificamos com dois casos atendidos em nosso laboratório, a importância do uso de testes moleculares para a confirmação do diagnóstico e realização precisa do aconselhamento genético.