Gilles Prado

Université de Haute-Alsace

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Roger Gadiou

Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse

J. Lahaye

Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère

Dominique Schwartz

Université de Haute-Alsace

William A. Peters

University of Arizona Cancer Center

Jean-François Brilhac

Université de Haute-Alsace

P. Gilot

Université de Haute-Alsace

K. Biemann

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Arthur L. Lafleur

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Edward L. Kruzel

Center for Environmental Health

Jack B. Howard

Monash University

Cooperative Institutions

Université de Haute-Alsace

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Center for Environmental Health

Gouvernance, Risque, Environnement, Développement

Én

École nationale supérieure de chimie de Mulhouse

Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse

IIT@MIT

Northeastern University

Université de Strasbourg

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Destruction of Carbonaceous Material and Nitrogen Oxides in Conditions of Diesel Exhaust

SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series (1993)

P. Gilot F. Bonnefoy R. Noirot Gilles Prado

Post-treatment of diesel exhaust was studied on a laboratory scale, using a reactor to simulate the post-combustion of soot collected inside a monolithic particulate trap. A parametric study of the trap regeneration was carried out. A periodic hydrocarbon injection system was developed to assist the catalyzed trap regeneration. This technique led to the trap regeneration with a temperature of the entering gas of 150°C, which is very low. An optimization of the injection process allowed one to minimize the injected amount of hydrocarbons and to have good control of the trap temperature.

Another advantage of the hydrocarbon injection is to provide good conditions for reducing NO in an oxidizing atmosphere (10% O₂). The importance of the hydrocarbon content was pointed out by a parametric study of NO conversion under a wide range of hydrocarbon concentrations (1000 ppm to 2.5% in CH₄ equivalents).

Nitrogen oxides

10.4271/932496

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A Kinetic Study of the Decomposition of Spent Sulfuric Acids at High Temperature

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (2000)

Dominique Schwartz Roger Gadiou Jean-François Brilhac Gilles Prado Gines A. Martinez

Chemical industry produces and uses high sulfuric acid volumes, and many processes generate high spent acid (ASS) volumes. The use of ASS as starting materials contributes to the protection of the environment. Should this alternative not be implemented, ASS volumes could represent high amounts of wastes. The thermal oxidative cracking process starts with ASS to produce commercial grade sulfuric acids. The presence of organic and mineral pollutants in spent acids can greatly influence the conversion yield, and this study addresses this point. The thermal decomposition of sulfuric acid is studied in a high-temperature plug flow reactor; the influence of temperature, oxygen concentration, and sample concentration on SO2 formation has been quantified. It is shown that the two last parameters have only a small influence on sulfur dioxide yield. Temperature is the main factor because of its influence on the kinetics of the conversion of SO3 to SO2. The second part of the study is related to the influence of the presence of contaminants: nitric acid and butanol. It is shown that the decomposition of HNO3 enhances SO3 conversion to SO2, the decomposition of the hydrocarbon also increases sulfur dioxide yield.

Nitric acid

10.1021/ie990801e

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Citations (51)

Formation of Large Hydrocarbon Ions in Sooting Flames

Advances in chemistry series (1978)

Gilles Prado Jack B. Howard

The concentrations of ionic species, large hydrocarbon molecules, and soot particles, and the mass distribution of ionic species larger than about 300 amu were measured previously in an acetylene/oxygen flame at 20 mm Hg using molecular beam sampling, laser absorption, electron microscopy, and a Langmuir probe. Assessment of the combined data indicates that the predominant ionic species are large hydrocarbons, probably polyaromatic, and young soot particles. The concentration of ions is large enough to support the view that ionic nucleation plays an important role in the formation of soot particles in flames. Possible mechanisms of ionization of large polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in flames are discussed.

Acetylene

10.1021/ba-1978-0166.ch010

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Citations (17)

Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of Residential Oil Burner Emissions: I. Yields and Chemical Characterization of Extractables from Combustion of No. 2 Fuel Oil at Different Bacharach Smoke Numbers and Firing Cycles

Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

Julie A. Leary K. Biemann Arthur L. Lafleur Edward L. Kruzel Gilles Prado

Particulates and complex organic mixtures were sampled from the exhaust of a flame retention head residential oil burner combusting No. 2 fuel oil at three firing conditions: continuous at Bacharach Smoke No. 1, and cyclic (5 min on, 10 min off) at Smoke Nos. 1 and 5. The complex mixtures were recovered by successive Soxhlet extraction of filtered particulates and XAD-2 sorbent resin with methylene chloride (DCM) and then methanol (MeOH). Bacterial mutagenicity [see Paper II (8)] was found in the DCM extractables. Samples of DCM extracts from the two cyclic firing conditions and of the raw fuel were separated by gravity column chromatography on alumina. The resulting fractions were further characterized by a range of instrumental methods. Average yields of both unextracted particulates and of DCM extractables, normalized to a basis of per unit weight of fuel fired, were lower for continuous firing than for cyclic firing. For cyclic firing, decreasing the smoke number lowered the particulates emissions but only slightly reduced the average yield of DCM extractables. These and similar observations, here reported for two other oil burners, show that adjusting the burner to a lower smoke number has little effect on, or may actually increase, emissions of organic extractables of potential public health interest. Modifications of the burner firing cycle aimed at approaching continuous operation offer promise for reducing the amount of complex organic emissions. Unburned fuel accounted for roughly half of the DCM extractables from cyclic firing of the flame retention head burner at high and low smoke number. Large (i.e., greater than 3 ring) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were not observed in the DCM extractables from cyclic firing. However, nitroaromatics, typified by alkylated nitronaphthalenes, alkyl-nitrobiphenyls, and alkyl-nitrophenanthrenes were found in a minor subfraction containing a significant portion of the total mutagenic activity of the cyclic low smoke samples (8). Oxygen-containing PAH, typified by phenalene-1-one and its alkyl derivatives, are important mutagens from cyclic firing at high smoke conditions. Thus, oil burner effluents differ markedly from those of several other combustors, including the automotive diesel engine, where multiring PAH, typified by fluoranthene and alkylated phenanthrenes, account for a significant portion of the effluent mutagenicity. Implications for combustion and emissions source identification are discussed.

Fuel oil

10.2307/3430614

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Étude expérimentale de la pyrolyse et de la combustion du polyamide-6,6 à haute température

Environnement Ingénierie & Développement (1999)

Jean-Noël Leichtnam Dominique Schwartz Roger Gadiou Gilles Prado

During the incineration of nitrogen containing polymer wastes such as polyamides and polyurethanes, many nitrogen containing atmospheric pollutants are emitted. However, there is a lack of data on ammonia and nitrogen oxide or hydrogen cyanide formation during the high temperature thermal degradation of this kind of compounds. In order to determine the mechanisms of thermal decomposition of such materials, we studied the pyrolysis and the combustion of nylon-6,6 as a function of residence time and temperature. During pyrolysis, the temperature exhibits a significant influence on the hydrogen cyanide formation and has only little influence on the quantity of NH3 emitted. With an excess of oxygen, we didn't found any more these two species. Whatever the operating conditions, nearly 10% of the fuel-nitrogen is converted into NO and 90% into N2. Lors de l'incinération de déchets plastiques azotés tels que les polyamides ou les polyuréthannes, de nombreux polluants atmosphériques azotés sont émis. Or, il n'existe pas dans la littérature de données traitant de la formation d'oxydes d'azote, d'ammoniac ou d'acide cyanhydrique lors de la dégradation thermique à haute température de ce type de déchets. Dans le but de déterminer les mécanismes de décomposition thermique de tels matériaux, nous avons étudié la pyrolyse et la combustion du nylon-6,6 en fonction du temps de séjour des gaz dans la zone réactionnelle et de la température. Lors de la pyrolyse, la température joue un rôle très important sur la formation d'acide cyanhydrique et n'a que peu d'influence sur la quantité de NH3 émis. En excès d'oxygène, nous ne retrouvons ni l'ammoniac, ni l'acide cyanhydrique. Quelles que soient les conditions opératoires, 10 % environ de l'azote du combustible se retrouve sous la forme de NO et 90 % sous forme de N2.

10.4267/dechets-sciences-techniques.1022

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Soot Particle Nucleation and Agglomeration

Springer eBooks (1983)

Gilles Prado J. Lahaye Brian S. Haynes

Particle (ecology)

Volume fraction

Characterization

Number density

10.1007/978-1-4684-4463-6_8

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Citations (9)

Thermogravimetric study of thermal decontamination of soils polluted by hexachlorobenzene, 4-chlorobiphenyl, naphthalene, or n-decane

Journal of Hazardous Materials (1999)

Véronique Risoul Claire Pichon Gwenaëlle Trouvé William A. Peters P. Gilot

Human decontamination

Volatilisation

Hexachlorobenzene

Thermogravimetric analysis

10.1016/s0304-3894(98)00267-2

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Citations (22)

Mécanisme de formation de particules de noir de carbone lors de la décomposition thermique d’hydrocarbures

Journal de Chimie Physique (1975)

Gilles Prado J. Lahaye

Au cours de la décomposition thermique d’hydrocarbures, des particules de noir de carbone se forment par un mécanisme de nucléation et de croissance, faisant intervenir, intermédiairement, la formation de gouttelettes liquides. L’examen des courbes de distribution des diamètres des particules d’échantillons correspondant à différentes étapes de croissance, et l’étude théorique de la fréquence de collision des particules du système, ont permis de montrer que des associations irréversibles de particules interviennent dès l’apparition de celles-ci.

10.1051/jcp/1975720483

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Citations (17)

Mécanisme de formation de particules de noir de carbone lors de la décomposition thermique de benzène

Journal de Chimie Physique (1973)

Gilles Prado J. Lahaye

Les auteurs ont montré que le noir de carbone, obtenu par décomposition thermique de benzène dilué dans un courant d’azote, se forme selon le mécanisme suivant : l’hydrocarbure initial se transforme en macromolécules dont la pression partielle croît avec le temps de séjour dans le réacteur, jusqu’à ce que la sursaturation soit suffisante pour provoquer la condensation des macromolécules en gouttelettes. La formation de germes liquides entraîne une décroissance importante de la sursaturation et la formation d’autres noyaux liquides devient impossible. Les macromolécules qui continuent de se former font croître les noyaux. Les gouttelettes liquides se transforment chimiquement en un matériau solide (déshydrogénation et transpositions conduisant à un matériau du type graphitique).

10.1051/jcp/1973701678

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Citations (25)

Étude de la cinétique de décomposition d’acides sulfuriques résiduaires

Environnement Ingénierie & Développement (1998)

Dominique Schwartz Jean-François Brilhac Roger Gadiou Gilles Prado

Spent sulphuric acid (SSA) contaminated with organic or mineral impurities are valuable raw material resources for production of sulphuric acid. The oleum can be recovered by thermal decomposition of SSA in S02 followed by purification and conversion of S02 to S03. The impurities contained in the acid waste play an important role in decomposition of the spent sulphuric acid. In this work, we have studied the influence of a mineral (nitric acid) on the decomposition of sulphuric acid. Des acides sulfuriques résiduaires contaminés par des impuretés organiques ou minérales peuvent être utilisés comme source de matière première pour la production d'acide sulfurique. En effet, l'oléum peut être récupéré par décomposition thermique de déchets d'acide sulfurique en dioxyde de soufre avec conversion ensuite de S02 en S03. Or les différentes substances contenues dans ces déchets peuvent affecter leur décomposition thermique. Nous avons étudié l'influence de plusieurs paramètres sur la dégradation thermique de tels composés.

Oleum

Nitric acid

10.4267/dechets-sciences-techniques.896

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