Mei (Prunus mume) is an ornamental woody plant that has been domesticated in East Asia for thousands of years. High diversity in floral traits, along with its recent genome sequence, makes mei an ideal model system for studying the evolution of woody plants. Here, we investigate the genetic architecture of floral traits in mei and its domestication history by sampling and resequencing a total of 351 samples including 348 mei accessions and three other Prunus species at an average sequencing depth of 19.3×. Highly-admixed population structure and introgression from Prunus species are identified in mei accessions. Through a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identify significant quantitative traits locus (QTLs) and genomic regions where several genes, such as MYB108, are positively associated with petal color, stigma color, calyx color, and bud color. Results from this study shed light on the genetic basis of domestication in flowering plants, particularly woody plants.
The kernel serves as the storage organ and harvestable component of maize, and it plays a crucial role in determining crop yield and quality. Understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of kernel development is of considerable importance for maize production. In this study, we obtained a mutant, which we designated defective kernel 407 (dek407), through ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. The dek407 mutant exhibited reduced kernel size and kernel weight, as well as delayed grain filling compared with those of the wild type. Positional cloning and an allelism test revealed that Dek407 encodes a nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) protein and is the allele of miniature 2 (mn2) that was responsible for a poorly filled defective kernel phenotype. A transcriptome analysis of the developing kernels showed that the mutation of Dek407 altered the expression of phytohormone-related genes, especially those genes associated with indole-3-acetic acid synthesis and signaling. Phytohormone measurements and analysis indicated that the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid content was significantly reduced by 66% in the dek407 kernels, which may be the primary cause of the defective phenotype. We further demonstrated that natural variation in Dek407 is associated with kernel weight and kernel size. Therefore, Dek407 is a potential target gene for improvement of maize yield.
Mei, Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc., is an ornamental plant popular in East Asia and, as an important member of genus Prunus, has played a pivotal role in systematic studies of the Rosaceae. However, the genetic architecture of botanical traits in this species remains elusive. This paper represents the first genome-wide mapping study of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect stem growth and form, leaf morphology and leaf anatomy in an intraspecific cross derived from two different mei cultivars. Genetic mapping based on a high-density linkage map constricted from 120 SSRs and 1,484 SNPs led to the detection of multiple QTLs for each trait, some of which exert pleiotropic effects on correlative traits. Each QTL explains 3-12% of the phenotypic variance. Several leaf size traits were found to share common QTLs, whereas growth-related traits and plant form traits might be controlled by a different set of QTLs. Our findings provide unique insights into the genetic control of tree growth and architecture in mei and help to develop an efficient breeding program for selecting superior mei cultivars.
Objective To investigate the epidemic status of schistosomiasis in Zhejiang province,so as to provide scientific informations for the strategies on schistosomiasis control.Methods The investigation of snail distribution,schistosomiasis monitoring in Zhejiang Province were carried out according to Guidelines for Schistosomiasis Surveillance and Solidification in Zhejiang Province.The snails were investigated by systematic sampling combined with environmental sampling.Snails were dissected to determine the infection status and eliminated by earth-covered method combined drug treatment.Both the persons and livestock,in the villages where the snails inhabited and from the counties where schistosomiasis was not controlled,were screened by serological methods,and the positive cases were confirmed by fecal examination.Results The residual snails area was 59.62 hm2 in 17 counties,and about 0.53 hm2 newly detected areas were reported.No inffective snails was found among 71 450 snails dissected.The serological examination were carried out in 139 896 individuals.There were 1279 persons positive in the detection.The positive rate was 0.91％.No native cases were found except 9 imported cases,including 2 acute cases.Conclusions The control of residual snails and imported cases should be stressed for schistosomiasis control in the future.
Key words:
Schistosomiasis; Surveillance; Snail
Objective
To investigate the current situation of family rehabilitation exercise for patients with ischemic stroke and hemiplegia after discharge from hospital in Luzhou and surrounding areas, and to provide scientific basis for constructing a family rehabilitation model for patients with stroke and hemiplegia.
Methods
By means of convenient sampling, a self-made questionnaire of rehabilitation exercise for stroke patients with hemiplegia and telephone return visit were used to investigate the family rehabilitation status and satisfaction of 162 patients with hemiplegia after discharge from ischemic stroke.
Results
It was showed that 70.37% patients proceeding family rehabilitation exercise.People who were extremely satisfied with the recovery account for 11.11%, relatively good people took 34.58%, everage 35.18%, non-progress 19.13%.People who do rehabilitation exercise within 10 minutes each time account for 22.81%, no more than 40 minutes each day took 36.04%, no more than 4 days each week took 36.84%.Those who do rehabilitation exercise followed professional guidance only account for 3.51%, leading by their own way up to 62.28%.and by walking about 48.19%.There was a significant correlation between family rehabilitation exercise implementation and caregivers, with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05). The satisfaction of functional recovery significantly correlated with functional status of paralytic limbs, exercise during of each time and exercise consciousness(P<0.05).
Conclusions
The families of hemiplegia patients with ischemic stroke in Luzhou and surrounding areas have a strong need for rehabilitation exercise, with a high execution rate. However, the patients' self-satisfaction with limb function recovery is not high. Rehabilitation exercise lacks professional guidance, and the movements are not standardized or correct, which requires regular guidance and supervision from professionals.
Key words:
Ischemic stroke; Hemiplegia; Family rehabilitation; Nursing
Epigenetic changes caused by methylcytosine modification participate in gene regulation and transposable element (TE) repression, resulting in phenotypic variation. Although the effects of DNA methylation and TE repression on flower, fruit, seed coat, and leaf pigmentation have been investigated, little is known about the relationship between methylation and flower color chimerism. In this study, we used a comparative methylomic–transcriptomic approach to explore the molecular mechanism responsible for chimeric flowers in Prunus mume “Danban Tiaozhi”. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed that the variation in white (WT) and red (RT) petal tissues in this species is directly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins, i.e., cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, and peonidin 3-O-glucoside. We next mapped the first-ever generated methylomes of P. mume, and found that 11.29–14.83% of the genomic cytosine sites were methylated. We also determined that gene expression was negatively correlated with methylcytosine level in general, and uncovered significant epigenetic variation between WT and RT. Furthermore, we detected differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and DMR-related genes between WT and RT, and concluded that many of these genes, including differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcription factor genes, are critical participants in the anthocyanin regulatory pathway. Importantly, some of the associated DEGs harbored TE insertions that were also modified by methylcytosine. The above evidence suggest that flower color chimerism in P. mume is induced by the DNA methylation of critical genes and TEs.
Objective To investigate the epidemic status of schistosomiasis in Zhejiang province,so as to provide scientific informations for the strategies on schistosomiasis control. Methods The investigation of snail distribution, schistosomiasis monitoring were carried, according to Guidelines for Schistosomiasis Surveillance and Solidification in Zhejiang Province. Results The residual snails area was 959 700 m2 in 21 counties, which dispersed in 3559 villages of 54 counties. No infective snail was found among 84 488 dissected snails. 189 884 individuals were subject to serologic examination and 2752 persons (1.49%) were sera positive. No native cases were found, but for 20 imported cases. Conclusions Tne control of residual snail and imported cases should be stressed for schistomiasis control in the future.
Key words:
Schistosomiasis; Surveillance; Snails
Objective
To study epidemic of schistosomiasis in the Qiandao Lake reservoir area, and to provide a reference for prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the construction of large water conservancy projects in the epidemic area of schistosomiasis.
Methods
The data over the years of snail condition and monitoring of schistosomiasis before and after building the dam, and water conservancy project reconstruction related information were collected. Based on the survey results of the river channel, the lake beach and the dissipation zone in the reservoir area, the influence of Xin'an River water conservancy project on epidemic of schistosomiasis in the Qiandao Lake reservoir area was analyzed, and the epidemic factors of the schistosomiasis in the Three Gorges reservoir were compared and analyzed.
Results
Before the dam was built, an area of 38 144 000 m2 was examined but Oncomelania was undetected. The Qiandao Lake reservoir area belonged to a non epidemic area of schistosomiasis. After the dam was built, 557 cases of schistosomiasis were found in 6 232 immigrants during 1962-1965, resulting in an imported epidemic. In 1970-1980, an area of 379 654 m2 in which Oncomelania was found was examined and snails were mainly distributed in some rice fields and ditches in the end of the reservoir. 949 cases of local schistosomiasis were found in the snails. The condition and condition of the snail are gradually controlled through several decades of comprehensive prevention and control. Compared with the epidemic factors of schistosomiasis in Qiandao Lake and the Three Gorges reservoir, the environment of elevation beach and ecologically fragile fluctuation zone coexist in the two reservoir areas.
Conclusion
From the long-term longitudinal monitoring data of the Qiandao Lake reservoir area and the epidemic regularity of schistosomiasis and the comparison with the ecology of the Three Gorges reservoir, it is concluded that the two reservoir areas will not cause a large range of schistosomiasis epidemic in general, but it does not exclude the possibility of the breeding of the inputting Oncomelania.
Key words:
Schistosomiasis; Epidemics; Affect
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