Single-cell C4 (SCC4) plants with bienertioid anatomy carry out photosynthesis in a single cell.Chloroplast movement is the underlying phenomenon, where chloroplast unusual positioning 1 (CHUP1) plays a key role.This study aimed to characterize CHUP1 and CHUP1-like proteins in an SCC4 photosynthetic plant, Bienertia sinuspersici.Also, a comparative analysis of SCC4 CHUP1 was made with C3, C4, and CAM model plants including an extant basal angiosperm, Amborella.The CHUP1 gene exists as a single copy from the basal angiosperms to SCC4 plants.Our analysis identified that Chenopodium quinoa, a recently duplicated allotetraploid, has two copies of CHUP1.In addition, the numbers of CHUP1-like and its associated proteins such as CHUP1-like_a, CHUP1-like_b, HPR, TPR, and ABP varied between the species.Hidden Markov Model analysis showed that the gene size of CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b of SCC4 species, Bienertia, and Suaeda were enlarged than other plants.Also, we identified that CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b are is absent in Arabidopsis and Amborella, respectively.Motif analysis identified several conserved and variable motifs based on the orders (monocot and dicot) as well as photosynthetic pathways.For instance, CAM plants such as pineapple and cactus shared certain motifs of CHUP1-like_a irrespective of their distant phylogenetic relationship.The free ratio model showed that CHUP1 maintained purifying selection whereas CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b have adaptive functions between SCC4 plants and quinoa.Similarly, rice and maize branches displayed functional diversification on CHUP1-like_b.Relative gene expression data showed that during the subcellular compartmentalization process of Bienertia, CHUP1 and actin-binding proteins (ABP) genes showed a similar pattern of expression.Altogether, the results of this study provide insight into the evolutionary and functional details of CHUP1 and its associated proteins in the development of the SCC4 system in comparison with other C3, C4, and CAM model plants.
본 연구는 15°C 저온환경에서 642 nm, 521 nm, 그리고 461 nm LED를 이용하여 E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus의 식중독균에 대해 pH 7.2, 4.0, 3.5의 환경에서 10시간 동안 조사 후 살균 효과를 측정하였다. 이는 화학적 photosensitizer 없이 직접 조사로 이루어졌다. 642 nm 적색 LED와 521 nm 녹색 LED는 pH 7.2에서 미생물을 효과적으로 저해시키지 못했다. 반면 461 nm 청색 LED는 모든 pH 환경에서 가장 높은 살균 효과를 나타냈다. 특히 pH 3.5 환경은 모든 균종에서 높은 생육 저해가 이루어져 그람음성균과 그람양성균에 관계없이 높은 살균 효과를 나타냈다. 모든 파장에서 pH는 강한 산성 환경이 형성될수록 높은 살균 효과가 나타나 pH 3.5의 환경에서 가장 효과적인 저해가 일어났다. 본 연구의 결과는 LED 처리 및 산 환경과의 조합을 통해 식품산업의 미생물 안전성을 증진시키는 새로운 살균 처리 기술로 적용하기 위한 기초자료로의 이용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.
이 연구는 3가지 유형의 식중독균인 E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus 그리고 V. parahaemolyticus의 in vitro를 통해 461 nm LED의 살균효과를 입증하였다. Bacterial cultures는 약 $15^{\circ}C$에서 10시간동안 LED에 노출되었다. 3종의 E. coli, ATCC 8739, ATCC 43894, ATCC 35150 과 3 종의 S. aureus, ATCC 43300, ATCC 19095, ATCC 27664의 bacteria cultures는 각각 461 nm LED에서 10시간 조사된 후 평균적으로 6, 2.5, 6, 2.5, 2, 1.5 log CFU/mL 감소하였다(p<0.05). 반면에 V. parahaemolyticus, ATCC 43969는 461 nm에서 4시간 노출된 후 6 log CFU/mL 감소하였다. 이 결과는 그람양성균과 그람음성균 모두 불활성화 되었으며 461 nm LED 노출에 의해 그람양성균보다 그람음성균이 더 민감함을 보여준다. 그러므로 이 결과는 LED의 사용이 식품보존과 응용기술로써 잠재력이 있음을 나타낸다. The objective of this study was to characterize the bactericidal effect of 461nm visible-light LED on three common foodborne bacteria: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Tests were conducted against pathogen strains that were treated with 461nm LED for 10 h at $15^{\circ}C$. The E. coli (ATCC 43894, ATCC 8739 and ATCC 35150) and the S. aureus (ATCC 27664, ATCC 19095 and ATCC 43300) had average reductions of 2.5, 6.6, 1.5, 2.5 and 2.0 log CFU/mL, respectively, after they were exposed for 10 h to 461nm LED light (p<0.05). In contrast, V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC 43969) had 6 log CFU/mL reductions after it was exposed for 4 h to 461nm LED light. The results showed that both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were inactivated with 461nm LED light exposure. Also, the Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to the LED treatment than the Gram-positive bacteria. These results show the potential use of 461nm LED as a food preservation and application technology.
Single-cell C4 (SCC4) plants with bienertioid anatomy carry out photosynthesis in a single cell.Chloroplast movement is the underlying phenomenon, where chloroplast unusual positioning 1 (CHUP1) plays a key role.This study aimed to characterize CHUP1 and CHUP1-like proteins in an SCC4 photosynthetic plant, Bienertia sinuspersici.Also, a comparative analysis of SCC4 CHUP1 was made with C3, C4, and CAM model plants including an extant basal angiosperm, Amborella.The CHUP1 gene exists as a single copy from the basal angiosperms to SCC4 plants.Our analysis identified that Chenopodium quinoa, a recently duplicated allotetraploid, has two copies of CHUP1.In addition, the numbers of CHUP1-like and its associated proteins such as CHUP1-like_a, CHUP1-like_b, HPR, TPR, and ABP varied between the species.Hidden Markov Model analysis showed that the gene size of CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b of SCC4 species, Bienertia, and Suaeda were enlarged than other plants.Also, we identified that CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b are is absent in Arabidopsis and Amborella, respectively.Motif analysis identified several conserved and variable motifs based on the orders (monocot and dicot) as well as photosynthetic pathways.For instance, CAM plants such as pineapple and cactus shared certain motifs of CHUP1-like_a irrespective of their distant phylogenetic relationship.The free ratio model showed that CHUP1 maintained purifying selection whereas CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b have adaptive functions between SCC4 plants and quinoa.Similarly, rice and maize branches displayed functional diversification on CHUP1-like_b.Relative gene expression data showed that during the subcellular compartmentalization process of Bienertia, CHUP1 and actin-binding proteins (ABP) genes showed a similar pattern of expression.Altogether, the results of this study provide insight into the evolutionary and functional details of CHUP1 and its associated proteins in the development of the SCC4 system in comparison with other C3, C4, and CAM model plants.
Single-cell C4 (SCC4) plants with bienertioid anatomy carry out photosynthesis in a single cell.Chloroplast movement is the underlying phenomenon, where chloroplast unusual positioning 1 (CHUP1) plays a key role.This study aimed to characterize CHUP1 and CHUP1-like proteins in an SCC4 photosynthetic plant, Bienertia sinuspersici.Also, a comparative analysis of SCC4 CHUP1 was made with C3, C4, and CAM model plants including an extant basal angiosperm, Amborella.The CHUP1 gene exists as a single copy from the basal angiosperms to SCC4 plants.Our analysis identified that Chenopodium quinoa, a recently duplicated allotetraploid, has two copies of CHUP1.In addition, the numbers of CHUP1-like and its associated proteins such as CHUP1-like_a, CHUP1-like_b, HPR, TPR, and ABP varied between the species.Hidden Markov Model analysis showed that the gene size of CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b of SCC4 species, Bienertia, and Suaeda were enlarged than other plants.Also, we identified that CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b are is absent in Arabidopsis and Amborella, respectively.Motif analysis identified several conserved and variable motifs based on the orders (monocot and dicot) as well as photosynthetic pathways.For instance, CAM plants such as pineapple and cactus shared certain motifs of CHUP1-like_a irrespective of their distant phylogenetic relationship.The free ratio model showed that CHUP1 maintained purifying selection whereas CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b have adaptive functions between SCC4 plants and quinoa.Similarly, rice and maize branches displayed functional diversification on CHUP1-like_b.Relative gene expression data showed that during the subcellular compartmentalization process of Bienertia, CHUP1 and actin-binding proteins (ABP) genes showed a similar pattern of expression.Altogether, the results of this study provide insight into the evolutionary and functional details of CHUP1 and its associated proteins in the development of the SCC4 system in comparison with other C3, C4, and CAM model plants.
본 논문은 백제금동대향로 발굴 20주년을 맞이하여 백제금동대향로의 가치를 재조명하는 데 그 의의가 있다. 이에 백제금동대향로에 부조된 각종 인물상의 복식을 살펴보고, 복식 속에 나타난 백제 문화의 특성을 분석하였다. 나아가 백제금동대향로와 백제금동대향로 속에 나타난 복식을 활용한 콘텐츠를 예시하여 다양한 활용방안을 제시하였다. 백제금동대향로에 부조된 각종 인물상의 복식의 형태는 주변 국가와 유사한 이부식 구조이다. 여기에 절제된 화려함으로 검소함과 세련미가 깃든 백제적인 요소가 더해져 백제적인 특징이 드러난다. 각종 인물상 복식의 모든 선 장식은 주변 국가와 달리 모두 직선을 띠고 있다. 또한 드레이프성을 살려 인체와 옷 사이에 공간을 부여하여 부드럽게 표현하였다. 이러한 직선 형태의 의복을 착용하면 곡선 형태의 의복보다 편리성·실용성·안락성을 느낄 수 있고, 직물의 허실이 줄어들어 요척을 최소화 시키는 장점이 있다. 이렇듯 불필요한 것을 최소화 하려는 백제인의 지혜와 검소함이 스며들어, 보다 편리하고 실용적인 복식이 제작되었다. 여기에 드레이프성을 살려 늘어지는 것은 방지하면서 실제 보기에는 완만하고 자연스러운 율동성과 깔끔함을 강조한다. 이와 같이 백제 복식은 백제인의 미의식을 보여주는 최적의 표현이며 백제 복식만이 가진 백제적 요소라 할 수 있다. 백제금동대향로를 바탕으로 한 콘텐츠는 형태적·상징적인 측면을 활용하여 애니메이션이나 스토리텔링을 예시하였다. 이는 단순한 애니메이션이 아닌 문화의 친밀도와 연결되어 문화 상품의 판매, 나아가 이를 콘텐츠화한 상품의 전략적 판매까지 이어질 수 있다. 또한 부조된 표현물을 캐릭터로 재창조시켜 각종 디자인·영상·게임물 등 부가적 상품으로의 활용이 가능하다. 직물지 개발을 통한 패션상품·장식용품·인테리어 상품 등 각종 문화상품, 교복·공무복·일상복으로의 활용도 가능하다. 여기에 실용성·기능성·심미성을 겸비한다면 부가가치를 높일 수 있는 좋은 콘텐츠로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 백제 문화 전반에 흐르는 백제인의 정신적 요소에 백제적 양식이 결합되어 있으며, 이를 백제스타일로 표현하는 것이 백제 문화 콘텐츠의 전제이다. 백제스타일화한 의복을 일상적으로 착용함으로써 백제를 바르게 이해하고, 백제 문화의 생활화를 통해 친숙한 이미지를 부각시킴으로써 백제 문화원형을 생활화·산업화·세계화할 수 있는 토대를 마련할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.
Single-cell C4 (SCC4) plants with bienertioid anatomy carry out photosynthesis in a single cell.Chloroplast movement is the underlying phenomenon, where chloroplast unusual positioning 1 (CHUP1) plays a key role.This study aimed to characterize CHUP1 and CHUP1-like proteins in an SCC4 photosynthetic plant, Bienertia sinuspersici.Also, a comparative analysis of SCC4 CHUP1 was made with C3, C4, and CAM model plants including an extant basal angiosperm, Amborella.The CHUP1 gene exists as a single copy from the basal angiosperms to SCC4 plants.Our analysis identified that Chenopodium quinoa, a recently duplicated allotetraploid, has two copies of CHUP1.In addition, the numbers of CHUP1-like and its associated proteins such as CHUP1-like_a, CHUP1-like_b, HPR, TPR, and ABP varied between the species.Hidden Markov Model analysis showed that the gene size of CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b of SCC4 species, Bienertia, and Suaeda were enlarged than other plants.Also, we identified that CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b are is absent in Arabidopsis and Amborella, respectively.Motif analysis identified several conserved and variable motifs based on the orders (monocot and dicot) as well as photosynthetic pathways.For instance, CAM plants such as pineapple and cactus shared certain motifs of CHUP1-like_a irrespective of their distant phylogenetic relationship.The free ratio model showed that CHUP1 maintained purifying selection whereas CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b have adaptive functions between SCC4 plants and quinoa.Similarly, rice and maize branches displayed functional diversification on CHUP1-like_b.Relative gene expression data showed that during the subcellular compartmentalization process of Bienertia, CHUP1 and actin-binding proteins (ABP) genes showed a similar pattern of expression.Altogether, the results of this study provide insight into the evolutionary and functional details of CHUP1 and its associated proteins in the development of the SCC4 system in comparison with other C3, C4, and CAM model plants.
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