For Latino immigrant parents, the challenges to involvement in their childrenâs education are numerous and often times daunting. Many have low levels of high school completion, do not speak English and are unfamiliar with the U.S. school system. Although much work has revolved around examining racial and socioeconomic differences in parental involvement, little has been done to unpack group differences within racial/ethnic groups. In recognizing the importance of examining ethnic and racial groups more carefully, this study has analyzed parental involvement differences between five Latino subgroups â Mexicans, Dominicans, mainland-born Puerto Ricans, island-born Puerto Ricans, and those labeled as Other. As the analysis reveals, there are significant differences in the perceived barriers to involvement, perception of parent-school relationship and parent involvement practices between different Latino immigrant groups due largely to three important SES variables â having at least a high school education, English language usage, and access to technology in the home.
Background : Currently, opioid analgesics such as Sufentanil are not recommended for use on the battlefield for Soldiers with severe hemorrhage and respiratory difficulties, although they are still used during such situations ( Schauer et al., Prehosp Emerg Care 21: 744, 2017 ). Moreover, there have been no controlled, preclinical studies conducted using analgesic doses of Sufentanil to support these guidelines. The current study was conducted to evaluate effects of the opioid analgesic Sufentanil on multiple components of respiration after severe hemorrhage in conscious rats in the absence or presence of extremity trauma. We hypothesized that Sufentanil would negatively impact respiration under such experimental conditions. Methods Rats were randomly assigned to receive either 0.9% saline vehicle ( VEH ), or 1μg/kg Sufentanil ( SUF ; 0.1μg/100 μl). These treatments were subdivided into rats that were ( T ) or were not ( NT ) exposed to trauma (n=9–10 rats/each of the 4 groups). All rats (male; ~ 380grams) were surgically implanted with a carotid catheter. After 24 hours, rats were anesthetized briefly (10 min) to undergo trauma (crushing of the right gastrocnemius and semimembranosus muscles for 30 sec with forceps, T ) and fibula fracture. NT rats were anesthetized for 10 min only. Rats were allowed to awaken, and 90 min later underwent a conscious hemorrhage (~55% of blood volume during 25 min) within a whole body plethysmography chamber via the indwelling carotid catheter. At the end of hemorrhage, rats received either VEH or SUF via the carotid catheter. Respiratory measures were collected and recorded over 1 min intervals and analyzed via Data Sciences International FinePointe software. Primary respiratory measures were respiration rate ( RR ; breaths/min), tidal volume ( TV ; ml), and minute volume ( MV ; ml/min; RR x TV). TV and MV were normalized to the average body weight of all rats used in the study (377 grams). Rats were observed for 1 hr after the start of the hemorrhage. Data were analyzed via multiway analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures using the Statistical Analysis System. Results For RR, there was no effect of trauma (P = 0.43) so data were combined across T and NT groups for each treatment. For a brief period (2–15 min) after SUF injection, RR was lower (P < 0.04) compared with VEH . For TV and MV , there were interactions between treatment and trauma groups. Hence, compared with VEH ‐rats, TV in SUF ‐rats was intermittently depressed in T ‐rats (P < 0.04) but briefly increased in NT ‐rats (P < .03) for up to 15 min post injection. In T‐ rats only, SUF transiently (12 min) decreased MV (P<0.05) starting 3 min after injection. All respiratory effects induced by SUF were resolved within 15 min. Conclusions At the analgesic dose given – previously shown to ameliorate behavioral indices of pain in rats ( Xiang, J Trauma Acute care Surg 85: S49, 2018 ) – and at the times measured, SUF had primarily transient inhibitory effects on respiration that often depended on the presence of previous extremity trauma. Support or Funding Information This study was funded by the US Army Medical and Materiel Command, Clinical and Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program.
Histamine is a nitrogenous compound crucial for the inflammatory response. The knowledge regarding the renal effects of histamine is very limited. We showed that renal epithelia exhibit expression of the components of the histaminergic system. Furthermore, we revealed that there was a shift in the histaminergic tone in salt-sensitive rats when they were challenged with a high-salt diet. These data support the notion that histamine plays a role in renal epithelial physiological and pathophysiological functions.
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the 3rd deadliest cancer, diagnosed typically in advanced stages, with only an 8% 5-year survival rate, thus demonstrating the need for novel therapeutic approaches that significantly enhance chemo- and/or immune-therapy. Our team previously identified a promising functional target for cancer therapy in PDA, cell surface plectin 1 (CSP1) that is aberrantly expressed on PDA cells and thus a cell surface-associated biomarker of cancer. CSP1 expression first becomes apparent in high grade dysplasias, remaining high in early and advanced cancers and in metastases. Our first-in-human imaging trial in PDA patients using a CSP1-targeted imaging agent revealed that CSP is an available target and accessible for binding, a potentially a target for cancer therapy. We hypothesized that a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CSP1 could lead to novel pancreatic cancer treatment options, thus, we developed a therapeutic mAb, e.g., ZB131, representing a first-in-class antibody selectively targeting CSP1.Methods: ZB131 is a humanized mAb targeted against human plectin 1 (rhSec8) that also binds murine CSP1. ZB131 affinity and its effect on cancer cells including proliferation, cytotoxicity, and migration were tested in vitro using saturation binding, SRB-based survival assays, flow cytometry, and migration assays on various pancreatic cell types and homeostatic "normal" controls. In vivo validation was performed using two nu/nu mouse models bearing subcutaneous MiaPACA2 or Yapc PDA cells, and a syngeneic KPC-derived tumor model to also evaluate immune responses to tumors treated with ZB131 or IgG control.Results: ZB131 exhibits high specificity and high affinity (0.4±0.1nM) to CSP1, and functionally induces G0 growth arrest followed by necrotic cell death of PDA cells in culture, and is synergistic with gemcitabine resulting in a 50-fold decrease in IC50. In vivo, in subcutaneous xenograft models, ZB131 monotherapy decreased PDA tumor volume 5-fold as compared to controls, and in combination with cisplatin resulted in sustained tumor reduction with greater than 85% tumor necrosis. In subcutaneous syngeneic PDA models, ZB131 induced complete tumor regression within 35 days mediated by an anti-tumor immune response as upon tumor rechallenge, full tumor regression was again achieved without additional ZB131 therapy. Leukocyte complexity analysis of regressing PDA tumors versus controls revealed an ~3-fold increase in effector and central memory T cells.Conclusion: CSP1 is a first in class anti-cancer target expressed on the cell surface of PDA, as well as other cancers including ovarian, esophageal and head neck. ZB131, an anti-CSP1 mAb, induces tumor cell intrinsic cell death, as well as a robust anti-tumor T cell response leading to complete tumor regression indicating the potential therapeutic efficacy of ZB131 in late-stage cancers.Citation Format: Julien Dimastromatteo, Amanda Poisonnier, Samantha Perez, Lisa Coussens, Kimberly Kelly. Therapeutic targeting of cell surface plectin induces anti-cancer immune response and pancreatic cancer regression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1558.
Histamine is an important immunomodulator, as well as a regulator of allergic inflammation, gastric acid secretion, and neurotransmission. Although substantial histamine level has been reported in the kidney, renal pathological and physiological effects of this compound have not been clearly defined. The goal of this study was to provide insight into the role of histamine-related pathways in the kidney, with emphasis on the collecting duct (CD), a distal part of the nephron important for the regulation of blood pressure. We report that all four histamine receptors (HRs) as well as enzymes responsible for histamine metabolism and synthesis are expressed in cultured mouse mpkCCDcl4 cells, and histamine evokes a dose-dependent transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ in these cells. Furthermore, we observed a dose-dependent increase in cAMP in the CD cells in response to histamine. Short-circuit current studies aimed at measuring Na+ reabsorption via ENaC (epithelial Na+ channel) demonstrated inhibition of ENaC-mediated currents by histamine after a 4-h incubation, and single-channel patch-clamp analysis revealed similar ENaC open probability before and after acute histamine application. The long-term (4 h) effect on ENaC was corroborated in immunocytochemistry and qPCR, which showed a decrease in protein and gene expression for αENaC upon histamine treatment. In summary, our data highlight the functional importance of HRs in the CD cells and suggest potential implications of histamine in inflammation-related renal conditions. Further research is required to discern the molecular pathways downstream of HRs and assess the role of specific receptors in renal pathophysiology.
Memoire sur un travail de la nature, une etude de celle-ci. Reflexion sur la place de l'oeuvre, ses liens avec la place du spectateur mais egalement sur la retranscription d'un espace nature dans des lieux urbains.
Although they have increased exponentially since the 1960s, social scientists know little about ethnic advocacy organizations. These nonprofits are important bridges between underresourced communities and mainstream funding organizations and their directors are established ethnic leaders. Sociologists study interlocking directorates—or shared board membership—to understand how organizations fit together within broader social networks. Network concepts, particularly the theory of institutional isomorphism, suggest that organizations are likely to be similar to the extent they are connected and operate within a common organizational field. We apply this logic to Latino advocacy organizations to examine the underlying source of cohesion across this ethnic field. We ask whether the organizations are tied by interlocking directorates of ethnic elites who sit on their boards of directors or if board members' common affiliation with other elite institutions creates the structural conditions that facilitate potential ideological or behavioral similarity. A social network analysis of five prominent Latino advocacy organizations reveals support for both hypotheses: Latino board members are both embedded in ethnic‐based networks and entrenched within elite organizational webs. This suggests that ethnic elites who sit on the boards of Latino advocacy organizations are also corporate elites, selected for the social capital they bring to these nonprofits.
