Objective: This cross-sectional investigation aimed to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, prognosis, and related risk factors of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain in mainland China. Methods: Data of patients with SARS-CoV-2 from December 28, 2022, to February 21, 2023, were collected through online and offline questionnaires from 45 tertiary hospitals and one center for disease control and prevention in mainland China. The questionnaire included demographic information, previous health history, smoking and alcohol drinking, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, olfactory and gustatory function before and after infection, other symptoms after infection, as well as the duration and improvement of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The self-reported olfactory and gustatory functions of patients were evaluated using the Olfactory VAS scale and Gustatory VAS scale. Results: A total of 35 566 valid questionnaires were obtained, revealing a high incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (67.75%). Females(χ2=367.013, P<0.001) and young people(χ2=120.210, P<0.001) were more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Gender(OR=1.564, 95%CI: 1.487-1.645), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), oral health status (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.839-0.926), smoking history (OR=1.152, 95%CI=1.080-1.229), and drinking history (OR=0.854, 95%CI: 0.785-0.928) were correlated with the occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2(above P<0.001). 44.62% (4 391/9 840) of the patients who had not recovered their sense of smell and taste also suffered from nasal congestion, runny nose, and 32.62% (3 210/9 840) suffered from dry mouth and sore throat. The improvement of olfactory and taste functions was correlated with the persistence of accompanying symptoms(χ2=10.873, P=0.001). The average score of olfactory and taste VAS scale was 8.41 and 8.51 respectively before SARS-CoV-2 infection, but decreased to3.69 and 4.29 respectively after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and recovered to 5.83and 6.55 respectively at the time of the survey. The median duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions was 15 days and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% (121/24 096) of patients experiencing these dysfunctions for more than 28 days. The overall self-reported improvement rate of smell and taste dysfunctions was 59.16% (14 256/24 096). Gender(OR=0.893, 95%CI: 0.839-0.951), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), history of head and facial trauma(OR=1.180, 95%CI: 1.036-1.344, P=0.013), nose (OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.042-1.171, P=0.001) and oral (OR=1.162, 95%CI: 1.096-1.233) health status, smoking history(OR=0.765, 95%CI: 0.709-0.825), and the persistence of accompanying symptoms (OR=0.359, 95%CI: 0.332-0.388) were correlated with the recovery of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2 (above P<0.001 except for the indicated values). Conclusion: The incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain is high in mainland China, with females and young people more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Active and effective intervention measures may be required for cases that persist for a long time. The recovery of olfactory and taste functions is influenced by several factors, including gender, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, history of head and facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking history, and persistence of accompanying symptoms.目的： 明确新型冠状病毒Omicron株感染后嗅觉和味觉障碍发病率、发病特征、预后以及相关影响因素。 方法： 本研究为中国45家三级甲等医院及1家疾病预防控制中心参与的横断面研究。研究通过线上和线下问卷调查的方式收集2022年12月28日至2023年2月21日共8周时间新型冠状病毒感染患者的资料，包括基本信息、既往健康状况、吸烟饮酒史、疫苗接种史、感染前后的嗅觉和味觉功能、感染后的其他症状以及嗅觉味觉障碍的持续时间和改善情况等。采用视觉模拟量表（VAS）评估患者自报的嗅觉味觉功能。采用χ2检验、Losgistic回归等对数据进行分析。 结果： ①获得35 566份有效调查问卷，新型冠状病毒Omicron株感染后嗅觉味觉障碍的发病率为67.75%（24 096例）；其中女性为47.70%（16 966例），高于男性的20.05%（7 130例），差异有统计学意义（χ2=367.013，P<0.001）；18~40岁年龄组较其他年龄组更容易出现嗅觉味觉障碍（χ2=120.210，P<0.001）。②性别（OR=1.564，95%CI为1.487~1.645）、新型冠状病毒疫苗接种情况（OR=0.601，95%CI为0.517~0.698）、口腔健康状况（OR=0.881，95%CI为0.839~0.926）、吸烟史（OR=1.152，95%CI为1.080~1.229）、饮酒史（OR=0.854，95%CI为0.785~0.928）与新型冠状病毒感染后嗅觉味觉障碍的发生相关（P值均<0.001）。③尚未恢复嗅觉味觉功能的患者中44.62%（4 391/9 840）伴鼻塞、流涕，32.62%（3 210/9 840）伴口干、咽痛。嗅觉味觉功能的改善情况与伴随症状的持续与否有相关性（χ2=10.873，P=0.001）。④新型冠状病毒感染前嗅觉味觉VAS分别为8.41、8.51分，感染后分别降至3.69、4.29分，截至调查时可恢复至5.83、6.55分。嗅觉障碍持续的中位时间为15 d，味觉障碍持续的中位时间为12 d。0.50%（121/24 096）的患者嗅觉味觉障碍持续时间超过28 d。⑤嗅觉、味觉障碍总体的自报改善率为59.16%（14 256/24 096）。性别（OR=0.893，95%CI为0.839~0.951）、新型冠状病毒疫苗接种情况（OR=1.334，95%CI为1.164~1.530）、头面部外伤史（OR=1.180，95%CI为1.036~1.344，P=0.013）、鼻腔健康状况（OR=1.104，95%CI为1.042~1.171，P=0.001）和口腔健康状况（OR=1.162，95%CI为1.096~1.233）、吸烟史（OR=0.765，95%CI为0.709~0.825）、伴随症状持续与否（OR=0.359，95%CI为0.332~0.388）对嗅觉味觉障碍的预后有影响（以上除标注外，P值均<0.001）。 结论： ①女性、有吸烟史的患者感染新型冠状病毒后更易发生嗅觉味觉障碍；②接种4针疫苗、有饮酒史的患者感染新型冠状病毒后更不容易发生嗅觉味觉障碍；③新型冠状病毒感染后嗅觉味觉功能多数在一定程度上自发改善，但短期内未能恢复至原有水平，少数可能长期存在；④男性、接种2针和3针疫苗、无吸烟史、无持续的伴随症状、既往有头面部外伤史以及有鼻腔口腔健康问题的患者更易恢复嗅觉味觉功能。.
Objective: To analyze the problems in the network direct reporting of information about intervention service conducted in population at high risk for HIV infection in China during 2013-2014, and provide evidence for the improvement of the network direct reporting of the intervention information. Methods: The wrong records of the intervention service in population at high-risk were collected from national AIDS prevention and treatment information system. The wrong records, including those found at county (district) level and those found at state level, were analyzed with descriptive statistical method. Results: A total of 1 066 wrong records were found during 2013-2014, and average annual wrong record rate was <0.1%. Up to 71.3% (760/1 066) of wrong records occurred in the first half year. The wrong records in eastern, central and western areas accounted for 14.9% (159/1 066), 22.6% (241/1 066) and 62.5% (666/1 066) of the total respectively. More wrong records were found in the intervention information for men who have sex with men and injecting drug users than in those for female sex workers. Among the total wrong records, 86.4% (921/1 066) were found at county level and 13.6% (145/1 066) were found at state level. The wrong records were mainly"annual number of persons receiving the first HIV test"and"annual number of persons covered by intervention". Common causes of wrong records were underreporting and delay, staff fault, miscalculation and misunderstanding. Conclusion: In general, the wrong record rate in intervention information for population at high risk for HIV infection reported directly through network was low in China. It is necessary to strengthen the recording of the intervention service, the quality control of statistics and network direct reporting and staff training to improve the quality of reported data of intervention service.目的： 分析中国2013－2014年艾滋病高危人群干预工作网络直报中出现的数据错误，产生错误的原因，探讨提高干预数据质量的办法。 方法： 整理2013－2014年全国艾滋病综合防治数据信息系统中高危人群干预信息报表的错误数据记录，包括县（区）自查和国家审查错误，采用描述性统计方法分析其分布、类型和产生原因。 结果： 2013－2014年共修正干预数据错误1 066个，年均登记错误率<0.1%，每年上半年出现的错误占全部登记错误的71.3%（760/1 066），东中西部地区分别占全部登记错误的14.9%（159/1 066）、22.6%（241/1 066）和62.5%（666/1 066），MSM和吸毒人群中的干预数据错误多于暗娼人群。两年全部干预数据错误中，县（区）自查发现的占86.4%（921/1 066），国家审核发现的占13.6%（145/1 066），出错最多的数据项是HIV本年首次检测人数和干预覆盖人数。常见的错误原因有漏报与延误、工作人员失误、计算错误和理解错误等。 结论： 总体上干预数据的登记错误率较低，可通过完善干预活动记录，加强统计和直报环节的数据质量控制，定期培训信息岗位工作人员等措施，来提高干预数据质量。.
Objective: To understand the social support, social network, and sexual behavior characteristics of foreigners living in Guangzhou, analyze factors relating to aspects of online social interactions and sexual behaviors of foreigners in Guangzhou, and provide references for targeted HIV intervention services for foreigners. Methods: A cross-sectional survey (both online and offline), among those who met the inclusion criteria was conducted between November 2019 and January 2020. Data were collected on demographics, social support, online social interactions, sexual behaviors, and so on. Statistics were compiled to analyze the factors that may influence casual sexual behaviors. Results: A total of 434 participants were included in the study (241 offline and 193 online). The majority of the participants were male 68.4% (297/434), age (31.0±8.8) years old, African 79.0% (343/434), business people 46.5% (202/434), students 48.2% (209/434), who have business partners and family members in China were 59.4% (258/434) and 28.1% (122/434) separately. They also had the following features: less than 10 close friends 57.1% (248/434); spend 1-3 hours on social applications per day 43.3% (188/434), had casual sexual behaviors in the last 3 months 15.2% (55/363). Multiple logistic regression model analysis showed that compared with those who used social applications for less than 1 hour per day, participants who used social applications for more than 6 hours per day were more likely to have casual sexual behaviors in the last 3 months (OR=3.63, 95%CI: 1.31-10.08). Conclusions: Participants who used social applications for a longer period every day were more likely to have casual sexual behaviors among foreigners in Guangzhou. Good use of social applications for health promotion and education of HIV can increase the health awareness of foreigners in China.目的： 分析广州市外籍人员的社会支持、网络社交、性行为特征及相关因素，为有效开展外籍人员干预活动提供参考依据。 方法： 采用横断面调查研究设计，在2019年11月至2020年1月，对符合标准的研究对象采用线下和线上相结合的方式开展调查，收集人口学特征、社会支持、网络社交行为、性行为等信息。采用统计学方法对可能影响临时性行为的因素进行分析。 结果： 纳入研究的434名外籍人员中，线下调查241人，线上调查193人。男性占68.4%（297/434）；年龄（31.0±8.8）岁；来源地为非洲地区的占79.0%（343/434）；经商占46.5%（202/434），学生占48.2%（209/434）；在中国有生意伙伴、家人陪伴的比例分别为59.4%（258/434）和28.1%（122/434）；在中国有关系密切的朋友<10人的比例为57.1%（248/434）；每日使用社交软件时间为1~3 h的占43.3%（188/434）；最近3个月发生临时性行为占15.2%（55/363）。Logistic多元回归分析结果显示，与每日使用社交软件时间<1 h者相比，>6 h者更有可能最近3个月发生临时性行为（OR=3.63，95%CI：1.31~10.08）。 结论： 广州市外籍人员中每日使用社交软件时间较长者更有可能发生临时性行为。合理运用社交软件进行艾滋病宣传教育可促进外籍人员的健康意识。.
Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) greatly contributed to the successful outcomes of prevention and control on both AIDS and drug abuse in China. However, the features on drug abuse changed in the past decades, and the prevalence of new psychoactive substances abuse potentially somehow offset the achievement of MMT. This paper concised the information on research and surveys of this issue that targeting on the current situation, characteristics, related factors and relevant public health problem on new psychoactive substances abuse, among patients who have been on MMT, in China.美沙酮维持治疗对中国艾滋病防控及禁毒工作做出巨大贡献。然而近十几年来，我国吸毒人员毒品滥用特征有所转变，新型毒品滥用情况较为严重，对美沙酮维持治疗效果构成潜在威胁。本文回顾总结了国内关于美沙酮维持治疗者新型毒品滥用情况的主要研究结果，并对滥用情况、特点、影响因素及可能造成的公共卫生问题进行综述，以期为今后疾病控制和干预工作的开展提供依据。.
When facing the worldwide abuse of opioid substance, one of the effective responses is opioid substitution therapy (OST). However, different OST service patterns may affect the therapeutic outcome. Using the System Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, we can analyze the factors that affecting the outcomes of patients from the perspective work system. In this paper, SEIPS model is used to describe the existing OST service model. According to the operation mechanism of the methadone maintenance treatment in China and the existing OST service model, some suggestions are put forward to carry out effective OST service in the country.面对全球普遍存在的阿片类物质滥用带来的危害，有效的应对措施是阿片类药物替代治疗（OST），不同的OST服务模式可能会影响治疗效果。患者安全系统工程（SEIPS）模型可以从工作系统的角度来分析影响患者结局的因素。本文通过使用SEIPS模型描述现有的OST服务模式，根据我国美沙酮维持治疗运转机制及借鉴国外现有的治疗模式提出我国开展OST服务的一些建议。.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a poor prognostic subtype of breast cancer due to limited treatment. Macrophage plays a critical role in tumor growth and survival. Our study intends to explore the heterogeneity of macrophage in TNBC and establish a macrophage-related prognostic model for TNBC prognostic stratification.
Abstract Background n 2014, the US CDC updated HIV screening algorithm, recommended any assay capable of reliably detecting p24 antigen and both IgG&IgM antibodies as starting point. In 2021 Chinese FDA approved VITROS HIV Combo assay as early detection of acute HIV infection with fourth-generation Ag/Ab combination test, with several declared earlier seroconversion panel reactivity than the third generation assay. This study records the experiment run to assess clinical performance using prospectively collected HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody positive samples from Chinese CDC on the VITROS HIV Combo Assay on the VITROS 5600 Integrated System, Methods In total 450 serum/plasma samples, including 164 HIV antibody positive (162 HIV-1 antibody positive and 2 HIV-2 antibody positive) and 286 HIV negative. The HIV-2 antibody positive samples were purchased from Seracare (United States), and the remaining samples were prepared by the Chinese CDC reference laboratory. In the samples prepared in the reference laboratory, all HIV-1 antibody positive samples were tested by HIV antibody confirmation test, and the result was positive; The HIV negative samples were confirmed based on a comprehensive assessment of HIV antibodies, HIV-1 p24 antigen, HIV nucleic acid testing, and follow-up testing results, and window period has been ruled out. Ten linear and sensitivity reference samples were added to the HIV-1 p24 antigen national reference material (batch number 20190505, purchased from the China Academy of Food and Drug Control) . The antigen concentrations from L1 to L10 were 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.313, 0.156, 0.0781, and 0 IU/ml, respectively. Results The sensitivity for this positive population of samples in the VITROS Combo test was calculated as 100.00% (164/164) with an exact 95% confidence interval (Cl) of 99.26% to 100.00%. The specificity for this negative population was 99.58% (Cl 99.38%-99.73%). Conclusions The sensitivity and specificity of VITROS Combo assay are very high. With class leading antigen sensitivity doesn’t sacrifice specificity. This new assay delivers excellent confidence in results, and with more target (HIV-1 p24) being detected, can helps laboratory shortening HIV infection window, improve operators and technicians’ confidence in the outcome of HIV testing.
Objective: Pyrotinib, a new irreversible dual pan-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocking EGFR and HER2, has achieved a promising efficacy for advanced HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer. This study intended to further investigate the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pyrotinib and trastuzumab plus chemotherapy for HER2+ breast cancer treatment. Methods: Thirty-eight HER2+ breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant pyrotinib and trastuzumab plus chemotherapy (docetaxel and carboplatin) were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), pathological complete response (pCR), and adverse events data was retrieved. Results: According to the RECIST, the complete response rate was 0.0%, 10.5%, and 15.8% after second-cycle, fourth-cycle, and sixth-cycle therapy, respectively; whereas the objective response rate was 76.3%, 92.1%, and 100.0%, accordingly. The total pCR (tpCR) rate was 52.6%, the pCR rate of the breast was also 52.6%, and the pCR rate of lymph nodes was 86.8%. The tpCR rate was lower in patients with HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC)++ and amplification by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) than in those with HER2 IHC+++ (14.3% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.024), which was also lower in patients with Ki-67 expression ≥30% than in those with Ki-67 expression <30% (40.0% vs. 76.9%, p = 0.031). The common adverse events included diarrhea (84.2%), anemia (73.7%), nausea and vomiting (63.2%), fatigue (50.0%), hypomagnesemia (44.7%), leukopenia (42.1%), thrombocytopenia (39.5%), elevated transaminase (36.8%), and pruritus (31.6%). Conclusions: Pyrotinib and trastuzumab plus chemotherapy serve as an acceptable neoadjuvant regimen exhibiting good efficacy and tolerance in HER2+ breast cancer patients, while further large-scale validation is warranted.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between mammographic features and clinicopathological characteristics in invasive ductal carcinoma. A total of 231 patients were retrospectively reviewed from January, 2011 to December, 2012. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, χ2 test, Spearman's correlation and logistic regression, as appropriate. Of the 231 patients who underwent mammography, malignant calcifications were significantly more frequent in carcinomas that were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‑positive (P=0.001) or had a >2 cm size tumor (P=0.006). The pleomorphic‑type was correlated with a p53‑positive status (P=0.039) or lymph node metastasis (P=0.048), whereas the indistinct amorphous‑type was associated with a HER2‑positive status (P=0.026). An evident mass was frequently observed in higher Ki‑67 expression‑level tumors (P=0.002). In conclusion, the aforementioned correlations are noteworthy as they potentially reflect tumor attributes and may serve as a guide for treatment.
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