In stratified squamous epithelia, altered expression of keratins (Ks) is one possible marker of malignant potential. In the epithelium of the uterine cervix, presence of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is increasingly regarded as a marker of risk for cervical cancer. However, a similar role in oral cancer and precancer remains controversial. To address these questions, formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded oral carcinomas from Sudanese snuff dippers (n=14) and oral carcinomas from Sudanese (n=14), Swedish (n=19) and Norwegian (n=41) non‐snuff dippers were examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of K types 13, 14 and 19 using monoclonal antibodies. HPV infection was searched for in all the carcinomas by in situ hybridization (ISH) using the cocktail HPV OmniProbe and the ViraType probe. Carcinomas from Sudanese (snuff dippers/non‐snuff dippers) were also examined for HPV infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the general HPV primers GP5+/GP6+. For the oral carcinomas from snuff dippers, moderate to intense expression of K13 (71%; 10/14), K14 (86%; 12/14) and K19 (93%; 13/14) was found. For the oral carcinomas from non‐snuff dippers, weak to moderate expression of K13 (64%; 47/74), K14 (43%; 32/74) and K19 (45%; 33/74) was found. HPV DNA was not detected in any of the carcinomas from three countries when examined by ISH. The Sudanese (from snuff dippers/non‐snuff dippers) oral carcinomas were also negative for HPV DNA with the PCR. The present study shows that (i) there is a high level of expression of K13, K14 and K19 in oral carcinomas from snuff dippers compared to those from non‐snuff dippers, (ii) this high level of expression may arise from dysregulation of keratinocyte proliferation and maturation caused by damaging effects of snuff, (iii) the HPV genome is not found in Sudanese (snuff dippers/non‐snuff dippers), Swedish or Norwegian oral carcinomas, and (iv) this may suggest that these viruses do not play a prominent role in the aetiology of oral carcinomas from these countries.
Hovedbudskap Pyogent (telangiektatisk) granulom (PG) og granuloma gravidarum (GG) er lesjoner som oftest oppstår på grunn av lokale irritamenter eller kroniske traumer. De fleste finnes på marginale gingiva, men de kan være lokalisert til alle intraorale slimhinner. De er som regel røde av farge, med delvis gul overflate. Det gule representerer fibrindekket ulcerasjon. Klinisk kan lesjonene lett forveksles med perifert kjempecellegranulom og perifert ossifiserende fibrom, og derfor er histologisk undersøkelse er et absolutt krav. Behandlingen er kirurgisk excisjon.
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is increasing at an alarming rate particularly in low-income countries. This urges for research into noninvasive, user-friendly diagnostic tools that can be used in limited-resource settings. This study aims to test and validate the feasibility of e-nose technology for detecting OSCC in the limited-resource settings of the Sudanese population. Methods: Two e-nose devices (Aeonose™, eNose Company, Zutphen, The Netherlands) were used to collect breath samples from OSCC (n = 49) and control (n = 35) patients. Patients were divided into a training group for building an artificial neural network (ANN) model and a blinded control group for model validation. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for the analysis of baseline characteristics and regression. Aethena proprietary software was used for data analysis using artificial neural networks based on patterns of volatile organic compounds. Results: A diagnostic accuracy of 81% was observed, with 88% sensitivity and 71% specificity. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that e-nose is an efficient tool for OSCC detection in limited-resource settings, where it offers a valuable cost-effective strategy to tackle the burden posed by OSCC.
The expression of HLA Class II antigens on the surfaces of immunocompetent cells and the presence of CDla + cells (Langerhans cells) are important components of antigen presentation. Quantitative variations in HLA class II expression on antigen‐presenting cells play a role in immune regulation. An indirect irnmunofluorescent technique was used on cryostat sections to reveal such differences qualitatively or quantitatively between chronic marginal periodontitis (CMP) in patients with Down's syndrome (DS) and in otherwise normal patients (NP). We found increased frequency of HLA Class II (HLA‐expression on inflammatory cells and on keratinocytes of the oral gingival epithelium) in CMP of DS patients compared to sections from NP. The expression of HLA‐DR was more frequent on the keratinocytes of the pocket epithelium in NP than in DS. There were significantly higher numbers of CD1a+ cells and ratios of HLA‐DR+/CD1a + cells and HLA‐DP + /CD1a + cells in the DS group compared to the NP group. Our conclusion is that there is a more pronounced inflammatory process in the gingival sites with CMP of DS patients compared to CMP in NP. The findings also indicate that there is a highly activated immune response in CMP of DS patients.
To evaluate the role of various culture media and serum supplement on growth of oral cells in monolayer, and on morphogenesis of in vitro reconstituted normal human oral epithelium.Primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts were isolated from normal human buccal mucosa. The monolayers were assessed by growth curve analysis and morphology. The organotypic cultures were evaluated by morphometry, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL.FAD medium (a 3:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F12 medium) was able to support fibroblast growth in defined conditions, and to diminish the negative effect of physiological Ca concentration on keratinocytes in monolayers. Medium type had a profound influence on morphogenesis of in vitro reconstituted human oral epithelium. FAD medium was superior to other types of medium tested in supporting both epithelial growth and differentiation. Defined conditions supported epithelial morphogenesis equally well as serum-containing medium.This study points to an essential role of medium composition for optimized growth and differentiation of primary organotypic cultures.
Protocols for immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of multiple antigens in the same tissue sections have been developed using primary antibodies directly conjugated to different enzymes or fluorochromes, or ones that have been raised in different species, or from different immunoglobulin (Ig) classes or subclasses. For antibodies lacking such dissimilarities, very few proposals have been published with varying degrees of generalizability. In this report we present a successful triple IHC protocol engaging three unconjugated monoclonal primary antibodies raised in the same species and of the same Ig subclass. Compared to other methods, our results showed that denaturation of the preceding reaction complex by microwave heating, combined with additional suppression of enzyme activity, enabled the detection of all three reactions by using the same detection system, with no cross reaction observed. Moreover, expression patterns of each of the three antigens in the triple stained sections, was found to be similar to the pattern observed when single staining was performed. Unlike previous reports, no damage of targeted antigens or tissues did occur following this protocol. Furthermore, the contrast of the colors employed was investigated by computerized color deconvolution, and the three reactions products were successfully separated into three individual images that could be used for further objective quantification.
