Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved sensor of cellular energy. AMPK has been recognized as a key regulator of mammalian metabolic function and has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3-(4-oxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl)propanoic acid derivatives as AMPK activators are described. The in vivo proof of principle for plasma glucose lowering effect is exemplified with a lead compound from this series. Keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), AMPK activators, Thienopyrimidinone derivatives, Type-2 diabetes mellitus, db/db mice model.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is known to be associated with a reduced risk of developing a certain chronic diseases and cancers due to the presence of lycopene, a bioactive carotenoid.Commercially, the vegetable is used in the preparation of tomato puree or ketchup, but the local varieties with lower total soluble solids was found to be not useful for the same and fetching not enough prices during glut and being wasted without processing.In the present study, the local tomato variety (Heemsohna) with lower °brix and higher acidity grown in India was analysed for antioxidant activity.Its suitability for preparation of a value added novel product, 'spread' was evaluated by mixing tomato juice with sugar in the ratio of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 followed by concentrating the pulp to 65 °brix.The spread was analysed for physicochemical parameters and sensory acceptability during storage for six months.The methanolic extracts of dehydrated tomato exhibited a 50% inhibition in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay at a concentration of 5 and 2 mg/ml respectively.Variations in physicochemical properties of tomato spread such as °brix (64.5-65.0),pH (3.69-3.73),% acidity (0.69-0.74%), % reducing sugars (19.30-39.00%)% total sugars (56.95-60.21)and viscosity (2681-3255 cP) were measured.Significant changes were observed in sensory parameters such as colour, flavour and taste after 4 months however, the spread was well accepted by panelists with a maximum score of 6.9 for overall acceptability during the storage for six months.The study indicated that local varieties of tomato can be converted into a value added novel, highly acceptable and shelf stable spread which will help both farmers and consumers.
Studies were carried out on the extraction of caffeine from coffee beans using dichloromethane on a pilot Soxhlet extraction unit of capacity 10 kg/batch. Coffee beans were conditioned to moisture content 40% and extracted until 97% of the initial caffeine was removed. Apparent coeff. of diffusion was calculated using Fick's law of diffusion.
This paper provides an introduction to the powered industrial truck application of fuel cell power systems, the safety similarities with the automotive application and safety lessons learned. Fuel Cell niche markets have proven their value to many early adopters. How has the automotive market provided a springboard for these niche applications? How are niche markets revealing gaps in current safety approaches? What is different about the powered industrial truck application and what new codes and standards are needed to accommodate those differences?
ABSTRACT Black pepper (Piper nigrum L ) was ground to different particle sizes at ambient conditions, and the ground material temperatures at the mills’outlet were recorded. The surface mean diameter (d s ) and geometric mean diameter (d ga ) of the pepper grits were determined by sieve analysis. Energy for size reduction was computed using Bond's equation. The quantity of essential oil distilled, using Clevenger's method, was recorded at 30 minutes interval for each particle size. Effective diffusion coefficient (D) determined using Fick's second law, was constant (1.38 × 10 −11 m 2 s −1 ) for higher oil concentrations and it was very less in lower oil concentrations. The essential oil yield was evaluated in terms of four major compounds using gas chromatographic analysis. The particle size (d go ) of about 0.7 mm was found to be optimal for distillation of essential oil.
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