The P6 protein of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a 66 kDa protein that forms the matrix for the electron dense, amorphous inclusion bodies (IBs) that accumulate in the cytoplasm.Early electron micrographs revealed that host ribosomes were found in association with the P6 IBs, and nearly all of the icosahedral CaMV virions accumulate and are retained within the P6 IBs.Subsequent studies provided an explanation for the association of P6 IBs and host ribosomes; the P6 protein physically interacts with host ribosomes to reprogram them for expression of all CaMV proteins on the polycistronic 35S mRNA, a process called translational transactivation.For many years, translational transactivation was thought to be the primary function of the P6 protein.However, several recent studies have expanded our understanding of the true impact of the P6 protein on CaMV infections, as the P6 protein has been shown to mediate intracellular movement, elicit defenses in hypersensitive hosts or symptoms in susceptible hosts, modulate SA-and JA-mediated host defenses, and suppress antiviral gene silencing.Furthermore, the P6 protein interacts with at least 14 host and virus proteins, of which distinct subsets are associated with individual functions.This presentation will illustrate how newly identified virus-host protein interactome maps complemented with subcellular localization studies can be used to further define the role of the P6 protein in the CaMV disease cycle.The tobamovirus 126-kDa protein: A multifunctional, multi-interacting, and evolving protein that influences disease
The purpose of this study was to determine if rating of perceived exertion correlated with perceived muscle soreness during delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in female runners. This study examined the pre and post running economy measures and perceived muscle soreness before and after a 30-min downhill run (DHR) at -15% grade and 70% of the subjects predetermined maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). Six female recreational runners (mean age = 24.5) performed level running at 65%, 75%, and 85% of their VO2 peak prior to DHR (baseline economy runs), as well as, immediately following and 4 successive days after the DHR.Subjective response related to perceived muscle soreness increased significantly from a mean of 2 (pre DHR) to 62 (2 days post DHR) on a scale of 1-100. Creatine kinase levels and oxygen consumption increased post DHR compared to pre DHR. Rating of perceived exertion did not change between the economy runs performed prior to or at any point after the DHR.Perceived muscle soreness is a better tool than the RPE scale to monitor exercise intensity for recreational female runners during periods of DOMS and running economy is adversely affected by DOMS.
Abstract Background: Aortic insufficiency (AI) is a valvular heart disease leading to inadequate closure of the valve leaflets. There are many different etiologies of AI. Case Presentation: This case addresses an unknown etiology of acute AI from a torn non-coronary aortic cusp with associated acute heart failure that was ultimately treated with an aortic valve replacement. Conclusions: Regardless of the etiology, prompt diagnosis, stabilization, and treatment are paramount to preventing progressive heart failure.
A method is described for distinguishing coagulation from fibrinolysis by three estimates of fibrinogen. This "fibrinogen series" together with plasma antithrombin and urinary urokinase have been compared in pregnant patients with venous thrombosis and pre-eclampsia. Evidence is presented for active coagulation during deterioration of the pre-eclampsia state and for enhanced fibrinolysis during improvement.
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