The performance of external sorting mainly depends on its I/O and time complexities. In this paper we represent a more efficient external sorting algorithm with no additional disk space. This algorithm uses Quick sort to produce runs in the first phase. It uses special in-place merging technique in the second phase. The algorithm excels in sorting a huge file, which is larger than the available internal memory of the computer. The algorithm creates no backup file for manipulating huge records. Usually the external sorting algorithm needs additional disk space in merging phase. This algorithm saves disk space, since it does not use any backup file or additional disk space. Here we have briefly reviewed the external sorting algorithms, which do not use additional disk space. The I/O and time complexities of the proposed algorithm are analyzed and compared with that of other similar algorithms. We have found that the I/O complexity of the proposed algorithm is less than that of other similar algorithms (algorithms which do not need additional disk space) with the same time complexity.
Let G = (V, E) be a graph. A subset De of V is said to be an equitable dominating set if for every v ∈ V \ De there exists u ∈ De such that uv ∈ E and |deg(u) − deg(v)| ≤ 1, where, deg(u) and deg(v) denote the degree of the vertices u and v respectively. An equitable dominating set with minimum cardinality is called the minimum equitable dominating set and its cardinality is called the equitable domination number and it is denoted by γe. The problem of finding minimum equitable dominating set in general graphs is NP-complete. In this paper, we give a linear time algorithm to determine minimum equitable dominating set of a tree.
There is evidence that the worldwide need for safe blood is not being met, particularly in poor nations like Bangladesh, where there is a scarcity of voluntary blood donors. This research intends to evaluate the public's knowledge, attitude, and practice of voluntary blood donation and the socio-demographic factors associated with blood donation in Khulna city, Bangladesh.
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), widely scattered in the environment because of inadequate combustion of fuels, are an important class of toxicological compounds. In the past decade, PAHs have drawn considerable attention because of their possible contamination to the environment and foodstuffs. A crude extract of the fish samples collected from the most polluted part of Bangsai river at Saver industrial zone was analyzed for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, anthracene, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Asuitable procedure for the extraction of PAHs from the fish sample was developed. A multi-layer clean-up (silica gel) column was used, followed by glass fiber filter (GFF) paper to eliminate the interfering organic compounds as well as lipids, fat and foreign particles. It was observed that PAHs deposition on the samples takes place in different morphological parts of the biological materials. Analysis was made for environmentally important PAHs and the results, the methods and some associatedproblems are discussed. Anthracene was found in almost all fish samples with the concentration in edible fishes collected from the Bangsai river being 0.761 to 3.294 ìg/g. This concentration is within the range reported for other comparable regions of the world. Thus, it was suggested PAHs is oil contamination originating from the effluents of different industries such as tannery, dye, plastic, chemical, fertilizer or spillage’s and/or heavy ship traffic. However, the high concentration of carcinogenic anthracene encountered in these fishes should be considered serious as it is hazardous to human health. Based on fish consumption by Bangladeshi population, the daily intake of total carcinogens was 0.15 ng/person/day. Recovery studies with fortified samples indicated that the recovery efficiency for anthracene was 85.32%. It is concluded that three fish samples: baim, bata and taki were contaminated by the various aspects such as industrial effluents, air, highway vehicle exhaust and highwaytar samples.
Three notions of normal property in fuzzy topological spaces using quasi-coincidence sense are introduced in this paper and relationship among these and other such notions are established. It is also shown that all these notions satisfy ‘good extension’ property. It is observed that the notions are preserved under one-one, onto, fuzzy open, fuzzy closed and fuzzy continuous mappings.
Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 2, 201-205, 2018
Voluntary blood donation (VBD) is the foundation of blood safety and safe transfusion methods. It is vital to boost volunteer donor recruitment and retention to ensure a long-term safe blood transfusion practice, especially among university students. The goal was to evaluate Khulna University students' blood donation knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) as well as associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Khulna University in April 2022. Using simple random sampling (SRS), 400 face-to-face interviews were taken, of which 394 records were used for further analysis. A Chi-square test was used to check the association between KAP toward VBD, and binary logistic regression was applied to identify the association between explanatory and outcome variables. The logistic regression reveals that students with good knowledge about VBD are associated with permanent residence (OR: 1.651; 95% CI: 1.028, 2.650) and education (OR: 1.746; 95% CI: 1.012, 3.014). Favorable attitude toward VBD is associated with gender (OR: 1.818; 95% CI: 1.073, 3.079), division (OR: 3.058; 95% CI:1.241, 7.535) and social media time (OR: 0.068; 95% CI:0.001, 0.876). The practice of VBD is associated with gender (OR: 5.375; 95% CI:3.115, 9.273) and current residence (OR: 0.0397; 95% CI:0.181, 0.869). Efforts should be undertaken to use knowledge and a favorable attitude toward students at the Khulna university to accomplish the aim of 100% VBD in the future.