Clostridium ultunense strain Esp belongs to the functional group of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria (SAOB), which have been identified as key organisms for efficient biogas production from protein-rich materials. Genome analysis and comparative genomics might aid us to define physiological features that are essential for maintaining this particular syntrophic lifestyle.
Abstract Three-dimensional unstructured grid generation for reservoirs with geological layers, faults, pinchouts, fractures and wells is presented. Grids are generated for example cases, and pressure fields and flow fields computed by the cell-centered and vertex-centered control-volume distributed multi-point flux approximation (CVD-MPFA) schemes are compared and contrasted together with the methods. Grid generation for reservoir simulation, must honour classical key geological features and multilateral wells. The geological features are classified into two groups; 1) involving layers, faults, pinchouts and fractures, and 2) involving well distributions. In the former, control-volume boundary aligned grids (BAGs) are required, while in the latter, control-point well aligned grids (WAGs) are required. In reservoir simulation a choice of grid type and consequent control-volume type is made, i.e. either primal or dual-cells are selected as control-volumes. The control-point is defined as the centroid of the control-volume for any grid type. Three-dimensional unstructured grid generation methods are proposed that automate control-volume boundary alignment to geological features and control point alignment to wells, yielding essentially perpendicular bisector (PEBI) meshes either with respect to primal or dual-cells depending on grid type. Both primal and dual-cell boundary aligned grid generators use primal-cells (tetrahedra, pyramids, prisms and hexahedra) as grid elements. Dual-cell feature aligned grids are derived from underlying primal-meshes, such that features are recovered, with control-volume faces aligned with interior feature boundaries. The grids generated enable a comparative performance study of cell- vertex versus cell-centered CVD-MPFA finite-volume formulations using equivalent degrees of freedom. The benefits of both types of approximation are presented in terms of flow resolution relative to the respective degrees of freedom employed. Stability limits of the methods are also explored. For a given mesh the cell-vertex method uses approximately a fifth of the unknowns used by a cell-centered method and proves to be the most beneficial with respect to accuracy and efficiency, which is verified by flow computation. Novel techniques for generating three-dimensional unstructured hybrid essentially PEBI-grids, honouring geological features are presented. Geological boundary aligned grid generation is performed for primal and dual-cell grid types. Flow results show that vertex-centered CVD-MPFA methods outperform cell-centered CVD-MPFA methods.
Abstract Quasi K-orthogonal grid generation is presented, to improve grid quality and method stability with respect to flux approximation in the presence of strongly anisotropic full-tensor permeability fields.K-orthogonal grid generation is only possible for low anisotropy ratios. Quasi K-orthogonal grid generation involves satisfying the K-orthogonal condition approximately, resulting in grids that place less demand on an approximation with respect to stability conditions, and therefore improve grid quality with respect to flux approximation in the presence of anisotropic permeability fields. The method employed enables Delaunay grid generation principles to be employed in a locally transformed system according to local permeability tensor variation. The resulting method has great flexibility for handling complex geometries and can handle jumps in permeability tensor principal axes orientation and jumps in coefficients and details will be presented. Results are presented that demonstrate the benefit of a quasi K-orthogonal grid. Highly challenging cases involving strong full-tensor permeability fields where control-volume distributed multi-point flux approximation (CVD-MPFA) schemes exceed their stability limits and yield solutions with spurious oscillations when using conventional grids, are solved using the new grid generation method. CVD-MPFA schemes are still required as the grids are only approximately K-orthogonal in such cases, however the schemes retain a discrete maximum principle on the new quasi-K-orthogonal grids and yield well resolved solutions that are free of spurious oscillations. While the two-point flux approximation (TPFA) requires strict K-orthogonality, results using both CVD-MPFA and TPFA will be presented. New Quasi K-orthogonal grid generation methods are presented that satisfy the K-orthogonal condition approximately, resulting in practical grids that restore a discrete maximum principle (stability) for the CVD-MPFA schemes when applied to cases involving general full-tensor permeability fields. Results are presented for a variety of test cases that confirm the validity of the grids.
Plants are essential for both human and animal life, several agricultural practices have been adopted or are being developed in order to improve crop production by preventing or mitigating effects of biotic and abiotic stresses faced by plants. Biocontrol is a promising technique being cost effective, environment friendly and able to target pathogens difficult to control through traditional means. Bacteria that are associated with plant roots and exert beneficial effects on plant development are known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Compared to plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas rhizobacteria, Bacillus species are advantageous due to their ability to form spores, which enable survival at high temperature, extreme pH, drought or mechanical and chemical stress and thus ideal for use as commercial biocontrol products. A PGPR may serve both as a biofertilizer and as a biological antagonist to pathogens. PGPR can be used for seed treatment supporting colonization in the rhizosphere on emerging roots. The mechanisms of protection may vary among different bacteria and include alteration of plant cell walls, production of biofilm on plant roots that prevent infection, competition for nutrients and space for growth and production of antibiotics and other damaging compounds to the pathogens. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain UCMB-5036 has potential to serve as a biocontrol agent. This genome was assembled from short paired-end reads of 75bp size generated by Illumina multiplexed technology using a mapping assembly technique against the already published complete genome of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42. The total size of draft genome is 3918701 bp, containing 4209 genes and 29 identified ribosomal RNA genes. After annotating the draft genome, it was observed that most of the genes responsible for colonization and plant growth-promotion in FZB42 also are present in UCMB-5036. De novo assembly for unmapped reads indicate the presence of some novel genes i.e. genes which are present in UCMB-5036 but not in reference genome of FZB42.
The objective of the AIRduino Guitar project is to imply the theoretical knowledge on a practical device and build a device that translates the numbers into measured or heard such as in this case results. This work is worthy to use in many technical areas and not sounded to the field of interest in any project as there many applications where the same microcontrollers and sensors could be utilized for different purposes. In simple explanation the accelerometer is to detect the motion on the right hand and the ultrasonic is to detect the distance between the two hands to generate a waveform based on the data collected from both the sensors combined with fingers connection in order to imitate to the full operation process of the real guitar using the microcontroller to compute an output sound as close to the real guitar as possible. The project was built using Arduino UNO microcontroller, ADXL345 accelerometer, and a Parallax PING))) ultrasonic distance meter to generate a guitar-like sound which was enriching in both the knowledgeable and the amusement sides.Keywords: AIRduino, Parallax PING))) Ultrasonic Distance Sensor, UNO Microcontroller
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