In this study, the swabs were collected among patients with an influenza-like illness (ILI) admitted to 2 sentinel surveillance hospitals of Yantai from April 2014 to August 2017. All specimen were cultured and identified by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Complete sequences of Hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A were amplified, sequenced and analyzed using molecular and phylogenetic methods. The potential vaccine efficacy were calculated using Pepitope model. The results showed that the antigenicity of A (H3N2) had changed greatly. 8 strains of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 belonged to subclade 6B.1 and 14 strains clustered in 6B.2. 12 strains of influenza A (H3N2) fell into subgroup 3C.3a and 33 strains clustered in 3C.2a. Several residues at antigen sites and potential glycosylation sites had changed in influenza A strains. Vaccine efficacy of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons were 77.29% and 79.11% of that of a perfect match with vaccine strain, meanwhile vaccine efficacy of influenza A (H3N2) in 2014/2015, 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 were-5.18%, 16.97% and 42.05% separately. In conclusion, the influenza A virus circulated in Yantai from 2014 to 2017 presented continual genetic variation. The recommended vaccine strains still afforded protection against influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 strains and provided suboptimal protection against influenza A (H3N2) strains.本研究对2014年4月至2017年8月烟台市两家哨点医院流感样病例采集咽试子标本，分离流感病毒，血凝抑制实验分型并对甲型流感HA基因序列测定，进行系统发生学分析及主要氨基酸位点变异分析，Pepitope模型评估甲型流感疫苗保护效果。结果显示：仅H3N2甲型流感病毒抗原性发生变异；甲型H1N1pdm09流感毒株8株属于6B.2，14株属于6B.1基因亚型，H3N2流感毒12株属于3C.3a基因亚型，33株属于3C.2a基因亚型；甲型流感病毒HA蛋白多个抗原位点、潜在糖基化位点发生变异；2015—2016和2016—2017年监测季甲型H1N1pdm09流感病毒的疫苗保护效果分别为最佳匹配疫苗的77.29%和79.21%；2014—2015、2015—2016和2016—2017年流感监测季甲型H3N2流感病毒的疫苗保护效果分别为最佳匹配疫苗的-5.18%、16.97%和42.05%。表明2014—2017年烟台地区甲型流感病毒持续发生基因变异，H3N2流感疫苗保护性较差而甲型H1N1pdm09流感疫苗具有较好的保护作用。.
Hydrogen has wide applications in the chemical and petroleum industries and is a clean energy carrier for electrical power generation and transportation. However, in current industries, H2 is mainly obtained from the steam reforming of natural gas and coal gasification, which resulted in huge emissions of CO2 (greenhouse gases) and high energy consumption for H2 purification. Hence, developing H2 production technology in sustainable routes with low carbon emissions is still urgent. Sorption-enhanced steam reforming of bio-ethanol (SESRE) and sorption-enhanced steam reforming of bio-glycerol (SESRG), which coupled in-situ CO2 capture with the steam reforming of bio-ethanol or bio-glycerol, are promising strategies to yield high purity of H2 without emitting CO2 into the atmosphere. In these strategies, high purity of H2 can be produced when the high energy-consumption process such as H2 purification is avoided; besides, negative CO2 emissions can be achieved when the captured CO2 is used or sequestered. The catalysts play a pivotal role in the steam reforming processes, and the dual-functional materials (DFMs) are well regarded as the most promising solid catalysts that contribute to high-purity H2 production and CO2 capture. Thus far, there is no criterion to guide DFMs engineering for H2 generation in the SESRE and SESRG processes. Hence, in this work, a comprehensive review of the recent advances and prospects in SESRE and SESRG is presented, which provides constructive insight into the development of SESRE and SESRG technology. The optimum operating conditions in the SESRE and SESRG systems are analyzed via thermodynamics and kinetics, and the recent research progress of the DFMs is critically reviewed. Furthermore, the reforming reaction pathways and reaction mechanisms were discussed to improve the understanding of DFMs design. Finally, the prospect and challenges in the SESRE and SESRG strategies are outlooked.
Perovskite‐based oxygen carriers have shown promise for the partial oxidation of methane in fixed bed reactors, but they have not been investigated in detail in bubbling fluidized bed reactors, where bypassing of the methane and backmixing of the product gas can occur. Herein, using a lanthanum strontium ferrite (La 0.85 Sr 0.15 FeO 3 ) as the oxygen carrier, it is demonstrated that excellent performance can be achieved in a fluidized bed reactor for both the partial oxidation of methane during reduction of the oxygen carrier and the carbon dioxide or water‐splitting reactions during reoxidation of the oxygen carrier in a chemical looping fashion. The effective oxygen storage capacity is >10 wt%, allowing to produce >6 mol of synthesis gas with a ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide slightly below 2 during partial oxidation, and >6 mol of carbon monoxide or hydrogen during reoxidation per kilogram of oxygen carrier in a complete redox cycle. The selectivity toward synthesis gas is >99% and the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide (or steam to hydrogen) is ≈97% (or ≈94%) at temperatures >900 °C.
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