Ramana M. Pidaparti

University of Georgia

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Kittisak Koombua

Virginia Commonwealth University

Angela Reynolds

Virginia Commonwealth University

Parya Aghasafari

University of California, Davis

Mathew Palakal

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis

Kevin R. Ward

University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Charles H. Turner

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis

Rebecca L. Heise

Virginia Commonwealth University

Xianqiao Wang

University of Georgia

Ning Liu

Sichuan University

S. Jayanti

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis

Cooperative Institutions

Virginia Commonwealth University

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis

University of Georgia

Purdue University West Lafayette

Indiana University School of Medicine

Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center

University of Indianapolis

Indiana University

University of Richmond

American Society For Engineering Education

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Computational Analysis of Lung and Isolated Airway Bifurcations under Mechanical Ventilation and Normal Breathing

Fluids (2021)

Jong-Won Kim Ramana M. Pidaparti

Mechanical ventilation is required for many patients who cannot breathe normally as a result of lung disease and other factors that result in reduced lung function. In this study, we investigated the effects of mechanical ventilation and normal breathing on whole lung geometry as well as isolated bifurcations through computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. Results of flow characteristics (airflow velocity, wall pressure, and wall shear stress) obtained from the CFD simulations are presented. Similar flow patterns and pressure drops were obtained between the whole lung geometry and isolated bifurcations under both normal breathing and mechanical ventilation, respectively. Results obtained from simulations suggest that analyzing specific local bifurcations may be a more feasible alternative as it may reduce the computational time and numerical errors resulting from computations as compared to simulating a complex whole lung geometry. The approach presented in this study also demonstrated that analyses of isolated bifurcations gave similar flow characteristics to that of whole lung geometry. Therefore, this approach may be useful for quickly obtaining results that will assist in making clinical predictions and other applications.

10.3390/fluids6110388

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Citations (4)

Design Concepts

Synthesis lectures on mechanical engineering (2018)

Ramana M. Pidaparti

After reading this chapter, you will be able to:

10.1007/978-3-031-79597-8_5

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Airway Inflammation Induced by Mechanical Ventilation Through Multiscale Modeling

ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B (2012)

Ramana M. Pidaparti Kevin R. Ward

Inflammation has been recognized as a major integral component for most of the acute and chronic diseases. Inflammation can be initiated within the body as an innate process or by external factors such as infections and trauma. Inflammation is a complex and dynamic process, and involves nonlinearity and stochasticity. Without the inflammation, the harmful stimuli cannot be removed and the healing process cannot occur. However, an over-expression or under-expression of inflammatory responses can lead to severe consequences, such as Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS), which is characterized by sequential organ failure. Acute lung injury (ALI) is typically one of the first manifestation of MODS. It can be triggered by external stimuli such as pathogens or from inflammatory mediators produced from various other processes ranging from other damaged organs or to blood transfusions to even the biomechanical forces of mechanical ventilation itself.

Organ dysfunction

10.1115/sbc2012-80174

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The Cotton Gin and The Westward Expansion: AI Concepts in Middle School Social Studies

Ramana M. Pidaparti Zonila Robinson

Abstract Through a NSF funded ITEST program, titled ImageSTEAM, a summer workshop was conducted during June 2023 with diverse middle school teachers. Specifically, we focused on introducing artificial intelligence (AI) in the K-12 curriculum through computer vision and AI tools that fundamentally will augment science and technology in educating children in the future. We introduce the use of visual media as a key bridge technology to engage students in middle school, especially in 7th grade social studies with AI topics. After co-design and development of the lesson module with the team, the teacher practiced the lesson module titled "The Cotton Gin and The Westward Expansion" with students at the workshop. Based on the feedback, the teacher further improved the lesson module to present to the social studies class she teaches during Fall 2023. The results and experiences of the teacher as well as students learning and impact of AI evaluated through a survey will be shared and discussed in the conference and presented in the paper.

10.18260/1-2--45568

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Quantification of Age‐Related Lung Tissue Mechanics under Mechanical Ventilation

Medical Sciences (2017)

Jong-Won Kim Rebecca L. Heise Angela Reynolds Ramana M. Pidaparti

Elderly patients with obstructive lung diseases often receive mechanical ventilation to support their breathing and restore respiratory function. However, mechanical ventilation is known to increase the severity of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in the elderly. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects of aging to better understand the lung tissue mechanics to estimate the severity of ventilator-induced lung injuries. Two age-related geometric models involving human bronchioles from generation G10 to G23 and alveolar sacs were developed. The first is for a 50-year-old (normal) and second is for an 80-year old (aged) model. Lung tissue mechanics of normal and aged models were investigated under mechanical ventilation through computational simulations. Results obtained indicated that lung tissue strains during inhalation (t = 0.2 s) decreased by about 40% in the alveolar sac (G23) and 27% in the bronchiole (G20), respectively, for the 80-year-old as compared to the 50-year-old. The respiratory mechanics parameters (work of breathing per unit volume and maximum tissue strain) over G20 and G23 for the 80-year-old decreased by about 64% (three-fold) and 80% (four-fold), respectively, during the mechanical ventilation breathing cycle. However, there was a significant increase (by about threefold) in lung compliance for the 80-year-old in comparison to the 50-year-old. These findings from the computational simulations demonstrated that lung mechanical characteristics are significantly compromised in aging tissues, and these effects were quantified in this study.

Respiratory physiology

Work of breathing

10.3390/medsci5040021

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Citations (9)

Elastic and fracture properties of dental direct filling materials

Biomaterials (1993)

Mark W. Beatty Ramana M. Pidaparti

Stress–strain curve

Tension (geology)

10.1016/0142-9612(93)90192-5

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Citations (18)

Pressure Relationships of Inspired Air into the Human Lung Bifurcations

Parya Aghasafari Israr Bin M. Ibrahim Ramana M. Pidaparti

Applied pressure on the human lung wall has a great impact on the mechanical behavior of the respiratory system particularly under mechanical ventilation. Finding a relationship that predicts pressure based on some determinable parameters could be useful for preventing injuries during mechanical ventilation. Many efforts have been made to study fluid flow through the human lung, but none of them have tried to find relationships for fluid pressure in terms of measurable parameters during breathing. The main purpose of this work is to find relationships that could predict pressure in specific positions of the human lung during inhalation and exhalation for normal breathing (NB) and mechanical ventilation (MV). In this study, a three-dimensional model of a defined structure from a healthy human lung MRI was computationally post processed and used for a curve fitting simulation to investigate properties of airflow induced by mechanical ventilation and normal breathing. Calculated area-average pressure and measured cross sections of predefined planes through different path-lines on the left and right sides of the lung under different breathing conditions plus breathing time and bifurcations’ generation number were utilized for the curve fitting simulation to estimate pressure during inhalation and exhalation in NB and MV. The relationships for pressure obtained from this study are in good agreement with results from previous studies and suggest that airway resistance changes over generation numbers. Pressure relationships presented in this study therefore have important implications for preventing lung injury during mechanical ventilation. Future studies could incorporate the effects of air pressure on human lung wall based on additional parameters such as time and cross section and generation number at specific bifurcations.

Exhalation

Work of breathing

Human lung

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Cellular automata modeling of pulmonary inflammation.

PubMed (2012)

Angela Reynolds Kittisak Koombua Ramana M. Pidaparti Kevin R. Ward

Better understanding of the acute/chronic inflammation in airways is very important in order to avoid lung injuries for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for treatment of respiratory problems. Local lung inflammation is triggered by many mechanisms within the lung, including pathogens. In this study, a cellular automata based model (CA) for pulmonary inflammation that incorporates biophysical processes during inflammatory responses was developed. The developed CA results in three possible outcomes related to homeostasis (healing), persistent infection, and resolved infection with high inflammation (inflamed state). The results from the model are validated qualitatively against other existing computational models. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the model parameters and the outcomes were assessed. Overall, the model results showed possible outcomes that have been seen in clinical practice and animal models. The present model can be extended to include inflammation resulting from damage tissue and eventually to model inflammation resulting from acute lung injury and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes in critical illness and injury.

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Citations (7)

The anisotropy of osteonal bone and its ultrastructural implications

Bone (1995)

Charles H. Turner A. Chandran Ramana M. Pidaparti

Osteon

10.1016/8756-3282(95)00148-7

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Citations (154)

Tissue strains induced in airways due to mechanical ventilation.

Ramana M. Pidaparti Kittisak Koombua

Better understanding of the stress/strain environment in airway tissues is very important in order to avoid lung injuries for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for treatment of respiratory problems. Airway tissue strains responsible for stressing the lung's fiber network and rupturing the lung due to compliant airways are very difficult to measure experimentally. A computational model that incorporates the heterogeneity of the airways was developed to study the effects of airway tissue material properties on strain distributions within each layer of the airway wall. The geometry and boundary conditions of the tissue strain analysis were obtained from the organ-level analysis model. Two sets of airway tissue properties (heterogeneous and homogeneous) were considered in order to estimate the strain levels induced within the tissue. The simulation results showed that the homogeneous model overestimated the maximum strain in the mucosa layer and underestimated the maximum strain in the smooth muscle and cartilage layers. The results of strain levels obtained from the tissue analysis are very important because these strains at the cellular-level can create inflammatory responses, thus damaging the airway tissues.

Strain (injury)

10.3970/mcb.2011.008.149

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Citations (5)