Abstract Until the middle of the last century, selenium was considered to be toxic, but recently it turned out to be a micronutrient with important physiological effects, whose lack impedes the functioning of several enzymes, while in the case of a prolonged deficiency, disease processes can also occur in the body. Hungary belongs to the selenium-deficient regions in Europe; therefore, our aim was to contribute to the improvement of selenium supply of the population through increasing the selenium content of milk and dairy products. A daily supplementation of 1-6 mg organic selenium to the feed of dairy cows increases the selenium content of milk from the value of 18 μg/kg to 94 μg/kg in 8 weeks, decreasing again to the initial value in 6 weeks after stopping the supplementation. After producing various products from the control milk (18 μg/kg selenium content) and the selenium-enriched milk (53 μg/kg) obtained from dairy cattle fed on a feed supplemented with 2 mg selenium/day, we concluded that the selenium content of selenium-enriched milk compared to the products produced from the control milk increased from the value of 18.6 to 58.5 μg/kg in the case of yogurt, from 66.0 to 138.1 μg/kg in the case of telemea, from 80.8 to 163.7 μg/kg in the case of orda (urdă) and from 88.6 to 200.0 μg/kg in the case of semi-hard cheese obtained by mixed-coagulation. The selenium content of whey also increased significantly (from 8.8-9.7 μg/kg to 20.1-25.8 μg/kg), which could also be used as a food for people or feed for animals. According to our calculations, the selenium requirements of the developing organism could be satisfied by the consumption of 2-3 dl selenium-enriched milk until the age of 8 and with 4-6 dl selenium-enriched milk until the age of 20.
Abstract The role of selenium has increased after the discovery of the first seleno-enzyme in the human body. Selenium supports growth, the immune system, the reproductive organs, thyroid and muscle function, has an antioxidant effect, and protects against free radicals. The recommended daily intake of selenium for adults is 55 µg/day, which cannot be covered with food alone in selenium-deficient areas. That is the reason why we chose as our research topic the production of functional food – in this research: milk – in which the selenium level has been elevated naturally. In our work, we supplemented six Holstein-Friesian cattle feeds with a daily 1, 2, 4, and 6 mg/individual organic selenium, and then we measured the selenium content by ICP-MS. With a selenium enrichment of 1 mg/day, a 60% increase in selenium content was achieved, as the selenium content of milk increased from 32.93 µg/kg to 52.79 µg/kg. With the 2, 4, and 6 mg supplementation, the milk contained 97.2, 182.69, and 231.31 µg/kg selenium respectively. The latter is seven times more than the selenium content of the control sample. We have developed a recommendation for the amount of naturally selenized milk that should be consumed for different age groups. In our opinion, milk with increased selenium content could contribute to improving the selenium status of the population.
A szerzők saját vizsgálataik eredményeire és a szakirodalomban található adatokra támaszkodva közleményükben összehasonlítják az anyatej, a kancatej és a tehéntej összetételét és rámutatnak a kancatej előnyös felhasználási lehetőségeire a csecsemők, a gyermekek, a felnőttek és az idősek táplálkozásában. Ennek során megállapítják, hogy az anya- és kancatej zsírtartalma és zsírsavösszetétele, különösen az esszenciális linolsavat és a féligesszenciális linolénsavat tekintve jó egyezést mutat, és mindkettő lényegesen különbözik a tehéntejétől, mely rövid szénláncú és telített zsírsavakban gazdag. A fehérjetartalmat, a fehérjefrakciókat és a fehérje aminosav-összetételét tekintve is jó az egyezés az anyatej és a kancatej között, bár az anyatej több savófehérjét és kevesebb kazeint tartalmaz, mint a kanca teje. A tehéntej fő fehérje komponensét a kazein jelenti, ezért a tehéntej- fehérje aminosav-összetételből számolt biológiai értéke lényegesen alacsonyabb, mint az anya- és kancatejé. Felhívják a figyelmet az anyatej nagy NPN tartalmára, és az abban lévő szabad aminosavak, peptidek és aminosavszármazékok (taurin) jelentőségére. Hangsúlyozzák, hogy a tehéntejfehérjére allergiások a kancatejet bátran fogyaszthatják, és a nagy hasonlóság miatt a csecsemő táplálása is egyszerűbb – szükség esetén – kancatejjel, mint tehéntejjel. Mind az anyatej, mind a kancatej laktóztartalma nagyobb, mint a tehéntejé, amire inkább tehéntej-alapú csecsemőtáplálásnál feltétlenül figyelemmel kell lenni. Az ásványianyag-tartalmat tekintve is nagy a hasonlóság az anyatej és a kancatej között, és mindkettő lényegesen kevesebb makro- és mikroelemet tartalmaz, mint a tehéntej. A közlemény végén elemzik a kancatej lehetséges szerepét különböző korú emberek táplálásában, és ismertetik a kancatejből készült termékek, sűrített tej, tejpor, kumisz humán táplálékként történő felhasználásának lehetőségeit.
Abstract Aflatoxins are fungal toxins produced by Aspergillus species, which, due to increasing temperature and climate change in the temperate zone, appeared in the most important feeding plant and food ingredients. The most toxic of them is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which hydroxylates to aflatoxin M1 in the body of dairy animals and humans, and excretes in the milk. With the development of analytical methods, researchers are now able to detect toxins with a concentration of ng/kg. It was found that in most countries in Europe both breast milk and cow’s milk may contain AFM1, and therefore increased attention should be paid to the toxin content of milk, and that those above the limit should be excluded from consumption. In addition to cow’s milk, the AFM1 toxin content of breast milk can also be significant, the precursors of which are introduced into the mother’s body with food. Aflatoxins are highly resistant to physical, chemical, and microbiological effects, so the detoxification of foods, especially milk, is almost impossible. The best solution appears to be feeding the animals with toxin-free feeds or feeds containing toxins below the permitted limit, without giving opportunity to the toxins to enter the milk from the feed and from there into the human body.
In the course of the research we determined selenium and dry-matter content of 35 wheat grasses and 35 wheat seeds. The selenium content of the preparation plant samples was measured by spectrofluorimetric determination (ʎexcitation=380 nm, ʎemission=519 nm) of the resulted piaz-selenol complex. It was established that between the selenium content of the wheat grass and wheat seed the correlation coefficient was 0.36 at p=0.05 level which indicates a medium close correlation. Similarly, there was a medium close correlation between selenium content of the wheat grass calculated on dry-matter basis and total selenium content of the wheat, with a correlation coefficient of 0.40 at p=0.02 level.
Dry matter, total protein, true protein, whey protein, true whey protein, casein, NPN content, immunoglobulin-G, amino acid content, amino acid composition and biological value of protein, ash and macro- (potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and microelement (zinc, iron, copper, manganese) content of colostrum and milk of 104 Hungarian Merino, 20 awassi, 14 langhe, 16 cigaja, 11 cikta, 12 black racka, 8 white racka, 4 karakul, 3 kent and 1 wild ewe were investigated until the 40th day of lactation. It was found that all protein fractions decreased considerably in the period of 1-2 days after lambing. After the 5th day most of the components were adjusted to a permanent level. The ratio of whey protein and true whey protein decreased considerably, and the ratio of NPN and casein increased considerably, while that of true protein showed no significant change. The concentration all of the amino acids in the colostrum and milk changed significantly after lambing. In the milk protein most of the essential amino acids decreased, while glutamic acid and proline increased; consequently the biological value of the protein in the colostrum milked directly after lambing was the highest (108.5), but this value decreased to 78-80 after the fifth day of lactation. It was established that the first milked colostrum of the twin lambing ewes contained significantly more dry matter, total protein, true protein, whey protein, true whey protein and immunoglobulin-G than that of mothers with single progeny. The biological value of protein was higher in colostrum samples from twin lambing ewes than in those in single lambing ewes. There was no significant change in the casein, NPN and macro- and microelement content between twin- and single lambing animals. Twenty-four hours after parturition no differences in colostrum composition were found with respect to any component investigated. According to our investigations the ratio of casein is higher; against this the ratio of whey protein is lower in the milk protein of Hungarian Merino, awassi, langhe, black- and white racka, than that of sarda, cigaja and cikta. Consequently the milk of the former genotypes is more suitable for cheese making, while that of milk of the latter genotypes is more suitable -due to their higher ratio of the higher biological value whey protein- for processing as liquid milk products. According to our investigations the biological value of milk protein is the same in ewes and cows, and both are lower than that of goats.
The aim of our research was the examination of breast-milk composition from mothers living in the Csík region and to follow their milk composition variations during lactation. In this article we present the results obtained from three mothers, paying particular attention to essential components. The breast milk samples were collected from healthy mothers with similar habits and age. The milk samples were collected with a hand pump at thesame time after the feeding. The sampling period was from day 5 to the 14th weeks of lactation. The nutrition of mothers was recorded on a questionnaire, completed by the mothers themselves. Comparing our experimental results with data in the literature it was concluded that the milk protein content was very similar to the milk of mothers from other European countries, and is decreased during lactation.The total saturated fatty acid content was lower, but the palmitic acid content was slightly higher. Regarding the essential fatty acid composition the linoleic- and the arachidonic acid contents were appropriate from a nutritional point of view. The linolenic acid was present in lower amounts, but the docosahexanoic acid was almost undetectable.The iron and manganese contents were in good agreemen with published results, but the zinc content of the breast milk was lower and its copper content was higher. These differences in milk composition can be explained by the different nutritional habits of our subjects.
