Single-cell multiomic techniques have sparked immense interest in developing a comprehensive multi-modal map of diverse neuronal cell types and their brain wide projections. However, investigating the spatial organization, transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes of brain wide projection neurons is hampered by the lack of efficient and easily adoptable tools. Here we introduce Projection-TAGs, a retrograde AAV platform that allows multiplex tagging of projection neurons using RNA barcodes. By using Projection-TAGs, we performed multiplex projection tracing of the mouse cortex and high-throughput single-cell profiling of the transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes of the cortical projection neurons. Projection-TAGs can be leveraged to obtain a snapshot of activity-dependent recruitment of distinct projection neurons and their molecular features in the context of a specific stimulus. Given its flexibility, usability, and compatibility, we envision that Projection-TAGs can be readily applied to build a comprehensive multi-modal map of brain neuronal cell types and their projections.
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29-item Profile (PROMIS-29) has been widely used to measure health outcomes from the patient's perspective. It has not been validated in adults with aortic disease. The aim of this study was to explore the reliability and validity of the Chinese PROMIS-29 among patients undergoing surgery for aortic dissection (AD).A cross-sectional design was applied. Eligible patients completed a questionnaire that contained the PROMIS-29 and legacy measures, including the Short Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12), 8-item Somatic Symptom Scale (SSS-8), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2), and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). The structural validity of the PROMIS-29 was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's α. Construct validity was assessed by calculating Spearman's rank correlations and comparing known-group differences.In total, a sample of 327 AD patients was included in the final analysis. Most of them were male (89%) with a mean age of 52.7 (± 10.3). CFA revealed good model fit of the seven-factor structure within PROMIS-29, as well as most domains in single-factor analysis. Reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's α > 0.90. Correlations between comparable domains of the PROMIS-29 and those of legacy questionnaires and most know-group comparisons were observed as hypothesized.This study found evidence for acceptable structural validity, construct validity and internal consistency of the PROMIS-29 in a sample of AD patients. It can be applied to AD survivors by researchers or clinicians, measuring outcomes after surgery and identifying those with worse health status.
Abstract Locus coeruleus (LC)-derived norepinephrine (NE) drives network and behavioral adaptations to environmental saliencies by reconfiguring circuit connectivity, but the underlying synapse-level mechanisms are elusive. Here, we show that NE remodeling of synaptic function is independent from its binding on neuronal receptors. Instead, astrocytic adrenergic receptors and Ca 2+ dynamics fully gate the effect of NE on synapses as the astrocyte-specific deletion of adrenergic receptors and three independent astrocyte-silencing approaches all render synapses insensitive to NE. Additionally, we find that NE suppression of synaptic strength results from an ATP-derived and adenosine A1 receptor-mediated control of presynaptic efficacy. An accompanying study from Chen et al. reveals the existence of an analogous pathway in the larval zebrafish and highlights its importance to behavioral state transitions. Together, these findings fuel a new model wherein astrocytes are a core component of neuromodulatory systems and the circuit effector through which norepinephrine produces network and behavioral adaptations, challenging an 80-year-old status quo.
Aims In this study we have considered the three dimensional corrective forces for correction of scoliosis by using a patient specific finite element model. Materials and methods An objective function of corrective forces in three-dimensional space was defined. Computed tomography images were used to reconstruct three dimensional model of scoliotic trunk. Computer aided engineering software Abaqus was used to establish finite element model of deformed spine and its biomechanical characteristics were analyzed. By adjusting magnitude and position of corrective forces, objective function was minimized to achieve best orthopedic effect. The proposed corrective conditions were divided into three groups: 1. thoracic deformity; 2. lumbar deformity; 3. both thoracic and lumbar deformities were considered. Results In all three cases, the objective function was reduced by 58%, 52%, and 63%, respectively. The best correction forces point was located on convex side of maximum displacement of vertebral body. Conclusions Using minimum objective function method, spinal deformity in three-dimensional space can be sufficiently reduced. This study provides scientific basis for design of a new corrective brace for treatment of scoliosis.
Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common postoperative complication after cardiovascular surgery with adverse outcomes. No prediction tools are currently available for assessing POD in the type B aortic dissection (TBAD) population. The purposes of this study were to develop and validate a nomogram for predicting POD among TBAD patients who underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR).The retrospective cohort included 631 eligible TBAD patients who underwent TEVAR from January 2019 to July 2021. 434 patients included before 2021 were in the develop set; 197 others were in the independent validation set. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and logistic regression were applied to identify the most useful predictive variables for constructing the nomogram. Discrimination and the agreement of the model was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Brier score and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The results were validated using a bootstrap resampling and the validation set.The incidence rate of POD observed in the development and validation cohort were 15.0% and 14.2%, respectively. Seven independent risk factors, including age ≥60 years, syncope or coma, postoperative blood transfusion, atelectasis, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <80 ml/min/1.73 m2, albumin <30 g/L, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, were included in the nomogram. The model showed a good discrimination with an AUC of 0.819 (95% CI, 0.762-0.876) in the developed set, and adjusted to 0.797 (95% CI, 0.735-0.849) and 0.791 (95% CI, 0.700-0.881) in the internal validation set and the external validation, respectively. Favorable calibration of the nomogram was confirmed in both the development and validation cohorts.The nomogram based on seven readily available predictors has sufficient validity to identify POD risk in this population. This tool may facilitate targeted initiation of POD preventive intervention for healthcare providers.
Abstract Flooded sediments and normal river sediments have similar sedimentary features in stratigraphic profiles. It is difficult to distinguish these two types of sediments only based on sedimentary features. In order to identify the ancient flood disaster events, it is significant to establish identification marks of sediments from the environment magnetism. We have made a systematic sampling and measuring, and compared the magnetic fabric character of Paizhouwan dam‐broken fan deposits of 1998 with that of modern flood land deposits of the Yangtze River nearby Paizhouwan. Combined with the magnetic fabric character of flood land sediments in lower reaches of the Yangtze River, we reveal that the features of magnetic fabric of normal river sediments in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are greatly different from that of dam‐broken fan deposits. And they are closely related with the sedimentary environments. So it is an effective method for distinguishing flood sediments and normal river sediments through measuring magnetic fabric parameters of sediments in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and studying the shape of magnetic anisotropy susceptibility magnitude ellipse.
The Chuanjiang River receives most of the sediments fed by the Upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It is important to study the magnetic characteristics of the Chuanjiang River and the main tributaries which play an important role in the research of origin of the Three Gorges and evolution of the Yangtze River. Our research helps to better understand the magnetic characteristics of the Chuanjiang River and the main tributaries. Several conclusions can be made according to our research. ➀ Magnetic characteristics are different at different parts of the trunk river. Both samples at Luolong and Hejiang have the lowest χ lf and least ferrimagnetic (FM) minerals. The sample at Fengdou has the lowest χ fd %, also with the lowest content of superparamagnetic particles. ➁ Magnetic characteristics are also obviously different between the tributaries. Magnetic minerals from Jinhajiang and Wujiang have bigger crystals than other tributaries and are almost ferrimagnetic, which dominate the magnetic characteristics of the samples. Jialingjiang has the lowest content of ferrimagnetic (FM) minerals of all the tributaries of the Chuanjiang River. Many incomplete antiferromagnetic minerals exist in the Chishuihe sediments. ➂ Magnetic parameters of the samples from the trunk river vary in a wider range, also with worse correlation compared with the samples from main tributaries. This may be related to the larger drainage basin and more complicated provenance that the trunk river has. ➃ Comparison ofmagnetic characteristics between the trunk river and main tributaries shows that magnetic characteristics of the Chuanjiang River are restricted by the Jinshajiang River and has not been changed by the afflux of the tributaries. So supracrustal rocks above Yibin dominate the magnetic characteristics of the Chuanjiang River.
Dementia is known to be induced by vascular dementia and certain neurodegenerative diseases. The presenting features of disordered memory, intellect and personality often result in referral to a neurologist initially. Septum pellucidum cyst (SPC) is a rare clinical finding and defined as a cystic structure between the lateral ventricles. SPC induced memory disorder and dementia has been seldom reported in which the clinical features are atypical and can be misdiagnosed. The main difficulty is to establish a correlation between symptoms and the cyst. When indicated, the treatment is essentially surgical and the ideal operative technique is also a matter of debate. Here, we reported a 58-year-male Chinese patient who presented with memory impairment one year ago. Both the physical and laboratory examinations were performed to evaluate the general conditions of the patient. Brain MRI was applied to observe SPC and the neighboring brain structures. Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used to assess cognitive function. The results of the patient’s laboratory examinations were normal. However, the patient exhibited severe sleeplessness along with cognitive deteriorations despite short-term (less than 2 weeks) use of benzodiazepines with regular dose. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fulfills the consensus criteria for clinical diagnosis of SPC. Furthermore, the results of MMSE and MoCA were showed mild cognitive impairment before the treatment of SPC. After neuroendoscopic fenestration of SPC, the patient’s syndromes were disappeared, and his cognitive function was improved. In conclusion, the patient’s symptoms were due to a secondary lesion attributed to the cyst. Comprehensive clinical evaluation and MRI help diagnose SPC induced dementia.
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