Grassland ecosystems, an important component of the terrestrial environment, play an essential role in the global carbon cycle and balance. We considered four different grazing intensities on a Stipa breviflora desert steppe: heavy grazing (HG), moderate grazing (MG), light grazing (LG), and an area fenced to exclude livestock grazing as the Control (CK). The analyses of the aboveground biomass, litter, belowground biomass, soil organic carbon and soil light fraction organic carbon were utilised to study the organic carbon stock characteristics in the S. breviflora desert steppe under different grazing intensities. This is important to reveal the mechanisms of grazing impact on carbon processes in the desert steppe, and can provide a theoretical basis for conservation and utilisation of grassland resources. Results showed that the carbon stock was 11.98–44.51 g m–2 in aboveground biomass, 10.43–36.12 g m–2 in plant litters, and 502.30–804.31 g m–2 in belowground biomass (0–40 cm). It was significantly higher in CK than in MG and HG. The carbon stock at 0–40-cm soil depth was 7817.43–9694.16 g m–2, and it was significantly higher in LG than in CK and HG. The total carbon stock in the vegetation-soil system was 8342.14–10494.80 g m–2 under different grazing intensities, with the largest value in LG, followed by MG, CK, and HG. About 90.54–93.71% of the total carbon in grassland ecosystem was reserved in soil. The LG and MG intensities were beneficial to the accumulation of soil organic carbon stock. The soil light fraction organic carbon stock was 484.20–654.62 g m–2 and was the highest under LG intensity. The LG and MG intensities were beneficial for soil nutrient accumulation in the desert steppe.
Exploring the actual appeal for physical activity of rural masses is an important component to build new rural sports of a socialist harmonious.In recent years,government have launched national fitness campaign vigorously and made efforts to become a sports power.At the same time,with the material and cultural improvement of the farmers,as well as changes in lifestyle and rural production,the rural masses,as the overwhelming majority of national population,have their own understanding and requirements of sports culture industry.This paper explores and analyses the awareness and demands of rural masses under the perspective of a harmonious society with a view to promoting rural sports culture building.
Abstract: On the basis of field investigation and laboratory analysis, it was found that there were three lay-ers of aeolian sand in Huahai Section, a Holocene lacustrine sediments. It was primarily assumed that thefine group in aeolian sand was the deposition of nearly lacustrine composition, while the thick was fromdesert. The time of the earlier two layers of aeolian sand formed corresponds with the New Ice Age. More-over, it indicates that intensity of winter monsoon in the first period of aeolian sand formed was strongerthan that in the other twos in Holocene, and the duration is also longer. These provide natural backgroundof the soil regeneration, desertification and has significant implication to the preservation and constructionof ecological environments in West China.
This paper presents an efficient robot calibration method with non-contact vision metrology. Using the coplanar pattern to calibrate camera made the active-vision-based end-effector pose measurement be a feasible and cost-effective way. Kinematic parameter errors were linearized and identified through two-step procedure, thus the singular and non-linear condition was overcome. These errors were then compensated using inverse model method. The whole calibration process is flexible, easy to implement and prevents the error propagation from the earlier stages to the later ones. Calibration was performed on MOTOMAN SV3 industrial robot. Experiment results show that the proposed method is easy to setup and with satisfactory accuracy.
tenothrix (Papirioides) suzhouensis, sp. nov.(Figs.1￣25) Body length 1.30￣1.84mm. Ground color dark violet with white and pale violet stripes and spots. Eyes 8+8. Ant./head 1.7 2.2∶1. Antennal ratio 1∶4 4.6∶4.3 4.6∶1 1.2 . Ant. Ⅲ and Ⅳ respectively 7 and 4 subsegmented. Front face with 1￣2 pairs of paired setae and 5￣8 unpaired setae. Labral setal pattern 6/5, 5,4. Foreleg. Coxa with 1 seta; trochanter with 2 anterior and 2 posterior setae; femur with 1 cup sensilla, 1 oval organ and 1 courte epine; tibiotarsus with 4 cup sensillae and 3 courtes epines; pretarsus with 1 anterior and 1 posterior setulae; unguis with 2 inner, 2 outer and several indistinct lateral teeth; unguiculus narrow, with 1 developed corner tooth, subapical filament acuminate and surpassing unguis. Mesoleg. Caxa with 3 setae and 1 courte epine; trochanter with 4 anterior and 1 posterior setae; femur with 1 oval organ, 1 courte epine and 1 cup sensilla; tibiotarsus with 5 cup sensillae and 3 courtes epines; pretarsus similar to that of foreleg. Metaleg. Coxa with 4 setae and 1 courte epine; trochanter with 3 anterior and 2 posterior setae; femur with 1 oval organ, 1 cup sensilla and 1 courte epine; tibiotarsus with 5 cup sensillae and 3 courtes epines; each tibiotarsal differentiated seta with 6￣10 rounded lateral teeth on each side, apex slightly knobbed; pretarsus resembling that of foreleg but slightly stronger. Great Abdomen. Collophore with 1+1 lateral and 1+1 subapical setulae, sacs warty. Ramus of tenaculum with 3 teeth and 1 basal horn, corpus with 4￣7 (usually 6) setulae. Frucular ratio as 1∶2.2 2.5∶0.67 0.88.Dens dorsal setae d 1-4 , L 1,9,10 ,E 9,10 smooth, E 1,7,8 ,L 7,8 rugose, E 2-6 , L 2-6 strong and basally serrated; dens ventral Ve setae 3,2,1,1…… 1. Mucro with 30￣40 outer teeth and 32￣45 inner teeth; “W” setae on anterior trunk with AA DD setaceous, EE spiny. Dorsal hump distinct, with numerous dagger like setae. Anogenital Segment. Circumanal setae M, N, A 0, H L strong and spiny; G absent; A 1-3 T ciliate and setaceous; sa′ sa 1,3 finely serrated. Female subanal appendage straight, short and thick with tip somewhat blunt. Remarks. This new species is distinctly different from all known species of the subgenus in its variable facial setal pattern, subsegmentation of Ant. Ⅲ Ⅳ and the presence of more setae on the corpus of tenaculum. The circumanal setae are closely similar to those of the P.(s.s) vittata ; however, other characters are quite different from those of the latter. Holotype ♀, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 1995-Ⅺ-2, 8503; paratypes 5♀♀ on slides and 12 in alcohol, from the same locality as holotype. Deposited in Department of Biology, Nanjing University. Hab. In pile of moisture bricks and stones.
This paper is to solve the problems that software reliability prediction models are excessive and difficult to select,based on mixed network of experts,based on the gradient descent method variable step size LMS algorithm to solve software reliability prediction model selection optimization problem.Finally,the algorithm is applied to verify the model optimal effectiveness.
The quality of canola oil was aimed during prolonged frying was detected by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR spectroscopy). Results showed that the quality of canola oil after prolonged frying could be judged by NIR combined with statistical methods. In addition, the accuracy of the three classification methods used in this study is over 90%. And the classification results are relatively close to those of chemical value detection. This study may provide a means of rapidly and accurately to identify whether vegetable oil is safe to eat after prolonged frying.
Abstract The ecological conservation and restoration of drylands is a global challenge, which is always under resources constraints and in competition with land developments. Here, we aim to identify ecological conservation and restoration priority areas based on the objectives of maximizing ecological values and minimizing opportunity costs with zonation as a heuristic spatial optimization tool. We take the Inner Mongolia (IM) of China as a typical dryland region. Results reveal that the efficiency of multi-objectives for ecological restoration is often better than a single objective. IM should focus on ecological conservation supplemented by restoration. Conserving 36.9% and restoring 13.1% of IM can provide an average of 72% of ecosystem functions while consuming 20% of opportunity costs. Our framework aligns with the need for nature-based solutions and rationalizes the allocation of resources for ecological conservation and restoration projects in complex dryland regions.
In this chapter, the adverse effects of transgenic cotton on nontarget flower visitors (such as honey bees and Bombus spp.) in Vietnam are discussed, focusing on the following: (i) potential reduction in pollination value; (ii) potential reduction in the economic value of bee products; (iii) potential adverse effects stemming from reduction in wild bee populations, including effects on other species and loss of genetic diversity; and (iv) potential reduction in species with conservation value or biological control value. The following procedures for the assessment of the potential effects of Bt cotton on non-target flower visitors in cotton ecosystems in Vietnam are discussed: (i) list non-target flower visitors and identify species for further evaluation; (ii) identify potential exposure pathways and potential adverse effect pathways; (iii) formulate risk hypotheses based on the identified exposure pathways and adverse effect pathways; (iv) and design experiments testing the risk hypotheses. Some possible experimental designs are presented, and the analysis and interpretation of field biodiversity studies are discussed.
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