Nanopowders of the 0.8BaTiO3/0.2Ni(1-x)CoxFe2O4 (x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1) were synthesized by the in situ sol-gel method using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA1800) as a chelating agent. The synthesis developed using PAA1800 ensured the simultaneous crystallization of two phases. The results provided a reliable method for producing biphasic nanopowders in all the compositions of Co-Ni-ferrite with an average particle size of less than 50 nm with a potential application in lead-free magnetoelectric particulate composites. The XRD results indicated the formation of only BaTiO3 and Ni(1-x)CoxFe2O4 phases, verifying that there was no interdiffusion between the perovskite BaTiO3 and spinel Co-NiFe2O4 phases during the crystallization phase. A detailed analysis of the crystalline structures was conducted to quantify the phases using the Rietveld method, and thus ensure the success of the in situ sol-gel synthesis.
C212 Previously the only well-understood and general approach to kinase inhibition was based on small molecules which bind into the ATP cofactor pocket. While such an approach has been general, it has also been limited in success due to the overall conservation of the ATP pocket across the kinase family. Hence, selectivity and the ability to inhibit mutant and/or resistant forms of kinases have been met with only limited success. Deciphera Pharmaceuticals has developed a novel platform for kinase regulation which targets endogenous switch control pockets that exist in kinases. These pockets are used by kinases to regulate shape and catalytic activity in vivo . This presentation will highlight the attributes of targeting kinase switch control pockets in the development of B-Raf inhibitors for treatment of human cancers. Deciphera’s B-Raf program has afforded potent inhibitors that achieve single digit nanomolar inhibition vs. wild-type and mutant forms of B-Raf including the T529I/V600E gatekeeper mutant and clinically significant V600E mutant. Our inhibitors retain this same level of potency in the presence of high ATP concentrations. In addition, cellular proliferation studies performed with various cells containing a V600E mutation have demonstrated excellent inhibitory profiles with achieved potencies in the low nanomolar range. We also have shown a defined mechanism of action by pMEK and pERK knockdown in these same cells. Recently compounds from our B-Raf program have demonstrated activity in an A375 mouse xenograft model with T-C values of at least 10 days and T/C values of 17%. Deciphera’s B-Raf inhibitors also show acceptable ADME properties in cell permeability, cytochrome p450 inhibition, and microsomal clearance assays. Additional safety evaluations on key inhibitors have been successfully completed in hERG channel assays, Ames assays, and Cerep broad panel assessment. These data demonstrate that Deciphera’s technology has allowed for B-Raf inhibitors to be designed using mimicry of endogenous kinase regulation which has produced superior compounds that are poised for preclinical development.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy has been used to examine the detailed structure of antiphase boundaries in the tetragonal γ-phase in TiAl-based alloys. In agreement with earlier work using diffraction contrast images and microdiffraction it has been shown that, associated with each antiphase domain boundary separating domains where the c axes are parallel, there is a thin (2 nm) layer in which the c axis is at right angles to the c axis of the domains either side. The reasons why such a complex defect is found in TiAl alloys but is not found in other L1 0 phases which have been examined, are briefly discussed
Treadmill exercise after sciatic nerve injury enhances subsequent axon regeneration. However, this enhancement is weighted more towards motor axons previously innervating ankle extensor rather than flexor muscles. We hypothesized that a more exuberant regeneration of ankle flexor axons, and a more balanced enhancement of axon regeneration could be achieved by manipulating the mechanical demands of the training paradigm. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of level (Lv) and upslope (Us) treadmill exercise, during which there is more intense ankle flexor activation, on enhancing axon regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: Different retrograde fluorescent tracers were applied to the cut proximal stumps of the tibial (Tib) and common fibular (CF) nerves, the primary conduits for ankle extensor and ankle flexor motor axons, respectively, 2 weeks after transection and repair of the mouse sciatic nerve. Retrogradely labeled motoneurons (MNs) were studied in untreated (UT) control mice, and two groups of treadmill-trained mice (10 m/minute, 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks), one running at Lv and the other walking Us on a 20 deg incline. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used to compare slopes and treatment groups. RESULTS: More labeled MNs were found in both trained groups, but Us trained mice had 15-fold (p=0.01) and 1.5-fold (p=0.01) increases compared to UT mice and Lv trained mice, respectively. Nearly twice as many MNs could be labeled from the CF nerve in Us trained mice than from Lv trained animals (p<0.05). No significant change was found in the number of MNs labeled from the Tib nerve in Us vs Lv trained mice (p=0.16). In Us trained mice, the proportions of MNs labeled from the CF nerve that were found in spinal cord locations reserved for Tib MNs in intact mice was greater than in UT control mice (p=0.01) and Lv trained mice (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Us training in the first 2 weeks following peripheral nerve injury produces an increased enhancement axon regeneration of MNs that are more active during Us walking. It may be possible to tailor exercise to maximize its rehabilitative potential after peripheral nerve injury.
The microstructure of massively transformed Ti-Al alloys has been studied by conventional transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). A high density of planar defects, namely complex antiphase domain boundaries (CAPDBs) and thermal microtwins (TMTs) have been observed. Consistent with previous diffraction contrast studies, HREM confirmed that two antiphase-related gamma-matrix domains are generally separated by a thin layer of a 90o domain, for which the c axis is rotated through 90o over a common cube axis with respect to those of the gamma-matrix domains. Two crystallographically distinct types of 90o domains have been observed in association with the CAPDBs. Furthermore, interactions between the CAPDBs and TMTs have been investigated. In regions where TMTs intersect the generally morphologically wavy noncrystallographic CAPDBs, the latter have been observed to facet parallel to the {111}-twinning planes of the TMTs. This local interaction between CAPDBs and TMTs is associated with the transfer of true twinning shears of the type 1/6<112] from the matrix to the thin 90o domain generating a pseudotwinned region where the corresponding shears are of the type 1/6<121]. Diffusion associated with the local rearrangement of the atomic stacking is expected for the accommodation of the relaxation of the CAPDBs by facetting on the low-energy {111} planes. Possible mechanisms for the genesis of these complex planar defects are discussed.
This article highlights how trauma may be caused by factors aside from catastrophic events, physical violence or accidents resulting in physical injury. Examples of trauma beyond the more commonly known causes are detailed. This article also emphasizes how individuals engaging in psychotherapy may at times lack awareness that their self-reported dilemma, or symptoms, may stem from early relational trauma. The following commentary originated with first-hand clinical experience and was reinforced by literature. It is important to recognize that individuals reporting symptoms of depression and anxiety are most effectively treated in psychotherapy when past trauma is accurately identified as the root of their dilemma.