Native starches exhibit some technological drawbacks in industrial food applications; however, modification can remedy the lack of functionality. This study optimized the preparation of cationic, acetylated, and cationic-acetylated glutinous rice starch using response surface methodology. Subsequently, physicochemical properties were analyzed. Static rheological analysis revealed the pseudoplastic behavior of all samples. Dynamic rheological analysis revealed that all starches showed weak elastic gel structure. Modification dramatically improved freeze-thaw stability. For swelling power, solubility, and paste transparency, cationization (cationic and dual-modified starches) showed excellent performance. The SEM image showed that cationization and dual modification changed the morphology of starch granule, while acetylation had little effect. Overall, single cationization, and dual modification have more advantages than single acetylation modification in performance improvement. This provides the theoretical basis for the preparation of modified glutinous rice starch and expands the application of glutinous rice starch in the food industry, such as stabilizers and food packaging.
Purpose We performed a meta-analysis to identify risk factors affecting spinal fusion. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to January 6, 2023, for articles that report risk factors affecting spinal fusion. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using fixed-effects models for each factor for which the interstudy heterogeneity I 2 was < 50%, while random-effects models were used when the interstudy heterogeneity I 2 was ≥ 50%. Using sample size, Egger’s P value, and heterogeneity across studies as criteria, we categorized the quality of evidence from observational studies as high-quality (Class I), moderate-quality (Class II or III), or low-quality (Class IV). Furthermore, the trim-and-fill procedure and leave-one-out protocol were conducted to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity and verify result stability. Results Of the 1,257 citations screened, 39 unique cohort studies comprising 7,145 patients were included in the data synthesis. High-quality (Class I) evidence showed that patients with a smoking habit (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.21) and without the use of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) (OR, 4.42; 95% CI, 3.33 to 5.86) were at higher risk for fusion failure. Moderate-quality (Class II or III) evidence showed that fusion failure was significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency (OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.24 to 4.90), diabetes (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.59 to 7.36), allograft (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.96), conventional pedicle screw (CPS) fixation (OR, 4.77; 95% CI, 2.23 to 10.20) and posterolateral fusion (OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.25 to 10.49). Conclusions Conspicuous risk factors affecting spinal fusion include three patient-related risk factors (smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and diabetes) and four surgery-related risk factors (without the use of BMP-2, allograft, CPS fixation, and posterolateral fusion). These findings may help clinicians strengthen awareness for early intervention in patients at high risk of developing fusion failure.
In order to improve the recognition and classification effect of piano single tone, this paper combines the CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) model to construct the piano single tone recognition and classification model, and equalizes the uniformly irradiated parabolic tone transmission hardware. In this paper, the analytic method is used to calculate the direction diagram of the tone transmission hardware, and the analytical expression for calculating the gain of the tone transmission hardware is obtained. Moreover, this paper gives the calculation and analytical expression of the hardware gain of the tone transmission in the main lobe, and obtains the calculation method of the relative position of the two tone transmission hardware by using the conversion relationship between the global coordinate and the local coordinate. Finally, the variation law of the received power with the azimuth/elevation angle of the receiving tone transmission hardware and the incident high-power microwave frequency is given. The experimental study shows that the piano single tone recognition and classification method based on CNN model proposed in this paper can play an important role in piano single tone recognition. This article improves the note recognition algorithm for piano music by combining note features with frequency spectrum to obtain note spectrum, which improves the accuracy of audio classification recognition.
Starch is a readily available and abundant source of biological raw materials and is widely used in the food, medical, and textile industries. However, native starch with insufficient functionality limits its utilization in the above applications; therefore, it is modified through various physical, chemical, enzymatic, genetic and multiple modifications. This review summarized the relationship between structural changes and functional properties of starch subjected to different modified methods, including hydrothermal treatment, microwave, pre-gelatinization, ball milling, ultrasonication, radiation, high hydrostatic pressure, supercritical CO2, oxidation, etherification, esterification, acid hydrolysis, enzymatic modification, genetic modification, and their combined modifications. A better understanding of these features has the potential to lead to starch-based products with targeted structures and optimized properties for specific applications.
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