Teachers’ practical knowledge is closely related to teaching practice. The purpose of this research was to develop an instrument for assessing upper-secondary school science teachers’ perceived practical knowledge about practical work. The development of this instrument was based on five components in the conceptual framework of PCK about practical work: orientations of practical work, knowledge of curriculum materials in practical work, knowledge of students in practical work, knowledge of educational strategies for practical work, and knowledge of assessment in practical work. After the questionnaire was developed, 636 Chinese upper-secondary school science teachers participated in this research voluntarily. The results from exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analysis provided sufficient evidence for the construct validity of instrument. The high Cronbach coefficient indicated that the instrument had good internal consistency reliability. Finally, an instrument with six factors and 25 items was documented. The instrument would benefit science teacher educators and researchers. Keywords: instrument validation, pedagogical content knowledge, perceived knowledge, practical work
With globalization of the world economy, supply chain management has been emphasized as one of the most important management strategies. And, supply chain profit allocation is a significant part in supply chain management, which keeps the supply chain running efficiently and steadily. This paper, comprehensively discusses the supply chain profit allocation issue, based on cooperation game theory. Firstly, the characteristics and running modes of supply chain profit allocation are thoroughly discussed. Secondly, the basic principles and conditions of the supply chain profit allocation are analyzed according to the rules of running a supply chain. Thirdly, a supply chain profit allocation model is presented based on cooperation game theory (Shapley Value). Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate its application.
Phenomenon of bottleneck shiftiness was studied in this paper, including bottleneck shiftiness causes, its representation and solutions. In this study, bottleneck shiftiness causes were mainly divided in two kinds based on its inner qualities, one kind was demand fluctuation and the other kind was facility exception. In order to keep relative stability of the production system and reduce complexity of the production management, corresponding solutions were presented based on principles of the Theory of Constraints, respectively according to causes classified above, material release control and buffer management were two efficient methods in dealing with bottleneck shiftiness, examples of these two methods were given to help enterprises know well how to prevent the appearance of unexpected bottlenecks and to reduce the unexpected production fluctuate when the bottleneck shiftiness is unavoidable.
Theory of constraints (TOC) claims that each production system has at least one bottleneck resource and the bottleneck determines throughput of the whole system. Now more and more managers regard to exploit bottleneck resources. However, both literatures and facts show that bottleneck shiftiness does exit and sometimes is unavoidable. It makes bottleneck management problems become more complicated. This paper studies some factors that often cause bottleneck shift from one machine to another, including product-mix, production lot-size and load-balanced level, and puts forward corresponding solutions to overcome these problems based on basic principles of TOC, for providing enterprises some useful advices to prevent the appearance of those unexpected bottlenecks, or to reduce the unexpected production fluctuate when the shifting is unavoidable
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