Paper mills generate varieties of pollutants depending upon the type of the pulping process. The wastewaters discharged from these mills have high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour, in which indicating high concentrations of recalcitrant organics. This study was conducted using a Granular Activated Carbon – Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (GAC-SBBR) of 3.0 L working volume, operated in an aerobic condition and packed with 200 gL-1 of 2-3 mm granular activated carbon (coconut shells) as a medium for the biofilm growth. For the six of months, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was set at 36 hours and later it was adjusted to 24 hours in order to evaluate the performance of the system. The treated wastewater samples for these studies were taken from a recycled pulp and paper mill factory in Pahang, Malaysia with 4 different batch characteristics. The adsorbable organic halides (AOX) that had been determined and treated were pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,5-TeCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2-chlorophenol (CP) and phenol at various concentration ranges. The Monod growth kinetic parameters for the process specific growth rate coefficient (µh), half saturation coefficient (Ks), endogenous decay coefficient (DH) and Yield coefficient (YH) obtained were 0.0037 hr-1, 65.23 mgL-1, 4x10-5 hr-1 and 0.36 mg/mg, respectively. Analysis of the growth kinetic parameters in GAC-SBBR had deduced that the system was suitable to operate on long biomass retention time (BRT) under anoxic condition. The results also indicated that the biofilm attached onto granular activated carbon (GAC) can substantially remove these recalcitrant organics in the wastewater, within the range of 10 – 100% AOX removal depending on the selected HRTs.
In the laboratory, four PVC sand-kaolinite mixture columns, each of 150 cm depth and 15 cm diameter, were fed with solutions of sodium acetate equivalent to 20,000 p.p.m., 30,000 p.p.m., 40,000 p.p.m., and 50,000 p.p.m. BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). Soil physical and chemical properties, such as Atterberg limits, specific gravity, soil pH and soil organic content, altered markedly within 40 days of continuous feeding. The results showed that feed
with higher BOD values increased the soil organic content as well as soil pH; and thereby the specific gravity and Atterberg limits were lowered.
Wood is not sufficient in many countries to meet the rise demand for paper and pulp. In recent years, a lot of researches have been done to find a new, nonwood raw material for paper production especially using agricultural waste. Agriculture industry is one of the main industries in Malaysia which has generated a large amount of waste every year such as banana stem, rice hull, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw. These are regarded as abundant,
inexpensive and readily available natural resources for pulping industry. The purpose of this paper is to study of the pulping potentialities of banana stems which are growing in Malaysia. In this research the banana stem is used as raw material in the pulping process for the purpose of producing cellulose as pulp. The chemical pulping method which is used in the study is soda pulping, where NaOH is the main chemical substance used in cooking and with
anthroquinone as the additive. Temperature, residence time and dosage of chemical were the parameters to be manipulated in this non-wood chemical pulping process to get an optimum condition for pulping. A 3 litre batch
reactor was used in this non-wood chemical pulping process. The concentration of NaOH used was varied from 10 – 45 % and cooking temperature was varied from 100 – 200 °C. The ratio of solid to liquid is set at 1:8 and also the cooking period was varied from 30 – 210 minutes. The result shows that the optimum yield of pulp from this study is at 20 % w/w NaOH, cooking at 160 °C with 120
minutes. The yield of pulp is around 30 %. The cellulose content in the pulp
produced is as high as 90 %.
Wood is not sufficient in many countries to meet the rise demand for paper and pulp. In recent years, a lot of researches have been done to find a new, non-wood raw material for paper production especially using agricultural waste. Agriculture industry is one of the main industries in Malaysia which has generated a large amount of waste every year such as banana stem, rice hull, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw. These are regarded as abundant, inexpensive and readily available natural resources for pulping industry. The purpose of this paper is to study of the pulping potentialities of banana stems which are growing in Malaysia. In this research the banana stem is used as raw material in the pulping process for the purpose of producing cellulose as pulp. The chemical pulping method which is used in the study is soda pulping, where NaOH is the main chemical substance used in cooking and with anthroquinone as the additive. Temperature, residence time and dosage of chemical were the parameters to be manipulated in this non-wood chemical pulping process to get an optimum condition for pulping. A 3 litre batch reactor was used in this non-wood chemical pulping process. The concentration of NaOH used was varied from 10 – 45 % and cooking temperature was varied from 100 – 200 °C. The ratio of solid to liquid is set at 1:8 and also the cooking period was varied from 30 – 210 minutes. The result shows that the optimum yield of pulp from this study is at 20 % w/w NaOH, cooking at 160 °C with 120 minutes. The yield of pulp is around 30 %. The cellulose content in the pulp produced is as high as 90 %.
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering (JKKP), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia has taken an initiative to implement an Integrated Project (IP) for Year II and III since the 2006/2007 session. This project combines three or four department offered compulsory courses each semester. Integrated project delivered to students is chemical/biochemical engineering problems with open solutions. This approach allows the application of generic skills of students such as leadership, work in teams, communicate orally and in writing and learn to find the current information through a process of lifelong learning. Student achievement in completing the Integrated Project has been measured and assessed through presentations and reports. This study was performed to measure the effectiveness of the Integrated Project implemented after four years in JKKP. Therefore, a questionnaire was distributed to the first batch of students who have been through fully integrated project while studying at JKKP, in a graduate friendly event at the end of their study. Analysis results of the effectiveness of the Integrated Project show that it has improved the confidence level in generic skills such as oral and written communication, teamwork, lifelong learning and the identification of current issues in students since it was firstly introduced in session 2006/2007. Positive feedback is also obtained from the students and they felt that Integrated Project should be continued in the future because it really helps them in completing design projects in the final year of their studies.
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