Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic pathogens, causing global morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. Due to the extensive use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella has attracted increasing attention globally. There have been many reports concerning the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from food-producing animals, meats and the environment. However, few studies on Salmonella from food-producing animals have been reported in Chongqing municipality, China. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence, serovar diversity, sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from livestock and poultry in Chongqing. Meanwhile, we also want to know the presence of β-lactamase genes, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations of Salmonella isolates. A total of 129 Salmonella strains were recovered from 2,500 fecal samples at 41 farms from pigs, goats, beef cattle, rabbits, chickens, and ducks. Fourteen serovars were identified, with S. Agona and S. Derby being the dominant serovars. The 129 isolates had high resistance to doxycycline (87.6%), ampicillin (80.6%), tetracycline (79.8%), trimethoprim (77.5%), florfenicol (76.7%) chloramphenicol (72.9%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (71.3%), but were susceptible to cefepime. A total of 114 (88.4%) isolates showed multidrug resistant phenotypes. The prevalence of β-lactamase genes in Salmonella isolates was 89.9% (116/129), and among these isolates, 107 (82.9%) harbored bla TEM , followed by bla OXA (26, 20.2%), bla CTX-M (8, 6.2%), and bla CMY (3, 2.3%). In addition, qnrB , qnrD , qnrS , oqxA , oqxB , and aac(6′)-Ib-cr were detected in 11, 2, 34, 34, 43, and 72 PMQR-producing isolates, respectively. Moreover, QRDR mutations were very common in PMQR-positive Salmonella isolates (97.2%, 70/72) with mutation(s) in parC or combinative mutations in gyrA and parC . More significantly, 32 extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates were identified, and 62.5% of them were found to harbor one to four PMQR genes. Furthermore, 11 sequence types were identified from the isolates, and most of ESBL-producing isolates were attributed to ST34 (15.6%) and ST40 (62.5%). The coexistence of PMQR genes with β-lactamase genes and the extensive mutations in QRDR present in Salmonella isolates from food-producing animals suggest a potential threat to public health. Reasonable utilization and strict control strategies for antimicrobials in animal husbandry and animal treatment are necessary to reduce the emergence and dissemination of drug-resistant Salmonella isolates.
Context: Ischemic stroke is the most common type of acute cerebrovascular disease. Carnosol is a polyphenol compound extracted from rosemary.Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of carnosol on the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treated BV2 microglia cells.Materials and methods: MTT and EdU assays were used to detect the cell viability and proliferation. Flow cytometry was conducted to measure the apoptosis rates. Additionally, the protein expression was determined by western blot. The inflammatory factors and antioxidant indexes were detected by corresponding kits.Results and discussion: Carnosol promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of the OGD treated BV2 cells. What's more, the protein expressions of PCNA and Bcl-2 were up-regulated, the Bax expression was down-regulated after carnosol treatment. In addition, carnosol decreased the levels of MDA, LPO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and increased the levels of GSH, SOD, IL-4 and IL-10 in the OGD treated BV2 cells. Furthermore, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was activated after carnosol treatment and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway reversed the carnosol effects.Conclusions: Carnosol promotes the proliferation, inhibits the apoptosis, relieves the oxidative damage and inflammation of OGD treated cells through regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
The PANI/NiHCF nanocomposite particles were synthesized on the CNTs-modified Pt substrate by one-step co-polymerization using cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique was adopted to investigate the polymerization process of the nanocomposite particles and the mechanism of ion exchange in aqueous solution containing Cd2+. The morphology and structure of the as-prepared composite particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Combined with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the electrochemical behavior and the mechanism of ion exchange were also investigated in electrolytes of Cd2+. Experimental results indicated that the cubic nanocomposite particles of PANI/NiHCF were formed and distributed uniformly on the CNTs substrate. The particles exhibited good electroactivity and reversible electrochemical behavior in aqueous solution containing Cd2+, and the Cd2+ ions could be separated from aqueous solutions by ESIX processes.
Abstract Emerging energy storage devices are vital approaches towards peak carbon dioxide emissions. Zinc-ion energy storage devices (ZESDs), including zinc ion capacitors and zinc ion batteries, are being intensely pursued due to their abundant resources, economic effectiveness, high safety, and environmental friendliness. Carbon materials play their important role in the development of ZESDs, from cathode, electrolyte, to metallic Zn anode. Though thrilling development has been achieved in ZESDs, they still face the challenges of unsatisfactory capacity and kinetics for cathode, and irreversibility and low utilization rate of Zn anode. Hence, the roles of carbon materials in ZESDs are systematically discussed, starting with investigating carbons with different dimensions as cathodes and the corresponding strategies to improve their performance. Also, carbons as coatings or skeletons for other types of cathode materials are introduced. Besides, the functions of carbons in electrolyte development are explored. Further, the influence of carbon materials on Zn anode is elucidated with the corresponding operational mechanisms. Finally, an outlook for carbon materials in ZESDs is provided. We envision the presented minireview can pay way on exploring novel carbon research towards next-generation energy storage technologies.
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