The methanolic extract of seven different natural dye yielding plant parts and extracted dye imparted textile fabrics has been analysed for their antideterioration property. It is found that the natural dye treated fabrics showed significant levels of antideterioration property against five different cellulose degrading microbes. But the fabrics directly dyed with the plant extract showed less wash durability and antideterioration property. Hence to increase the durability and antideterioration property in the fabrics, the fabrics were treated by a novel technique termed microencapsulation/crosslinking techniques. It is observed that the plant extract microencapsulated/crosslinked fabrics showed increased durability up to 10–15 wash cycles when compared to control (undyed fabric and directly dyed fabric).
Most of the compliant interconnects that are currently being developed have inductance and resistance higher than desirable. There is definitive evidence that nano-structured interconnects can provide better resistance to crack growth and fatigue resistance and hence improve mechanical reliability without sacrificing the electrical properties. Current approaches to interconnects such as reflowed solder paste and electroplated interconnects cannot easily achieve nano-grained structures and also impose restrictions on the processibility. For example, screen-printing solder pastes cannot achieve very fine pitches, while electroplated interconnects are restricted to a few material systems. The current wafer level packages are at a pitch of 250-400 microns. We propose solution derived reworkable nano-interconnects as a viable technology to meet the needs of reducing pitch in the die package. This paper proposes solution derived (sol-gel based) nano-grained copper and lead free solders for fine-pitch high strength nano-structured interconnects. In this process, metal-based organic polymer solutions are heat-treated in reducing atmosphere to form metallic copper and lead-free solders (Sn-Ag-Cu). The key is to achieve ultra homogeneous mixing at atomic to molecular level. The precursors were mixed in solvent and refluxed under inert atmosphere at 125/spl deg/C to form metallic Cu/Sn-Ag-Cu complex solutions. The homogenous gel obtained from the hydrolysis of sol-gel precursor solution is heat treated under inert atmosphere at temperatures below 350/spl deg/C to achieve the desired compositions. Among a large number of methods for metal deposition, sol-gel technology, based on thermal decomposition of metal-organic compounds, can prove to be the most convenient and inexpensive for industrial applications.
Four crop residue based complete diets (60R: 40C) with Andhra hybrid and Telangana sorghum stover, paddy straw and sweet sorghum bagasse with leaf residue (SSBLR) as sole roughage were formulated and processed into either mash or block form to study the effect of crop residue, cultivar and physical form on intake, nutrient utilization and N balance in growing Deccani ram lambs through metabolism trial. Fifty six Deccani ram lambs were randomly divided into eight groups of seven each and offered either block or mash form of the four crop residue based diets for a period of 25 d. DMI (g/d, g/kg BW or g/kg W0.75) of complete diet was not influenced by the type of crop residue or cultivar. Physical form of the diet had significant influence on DMI being higher (20–29%) in lambs fed mash than block diets irrespective of crop residue and cultivar. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and cell wall constituents (NDF and ADF) was influenced by the type of crop residue and cultivar but physical form (mash vs. block) of the diet had no significant effect on nutrient digestibility except CP. Intake of OM, DOM, CP (g/d) and ME (MJ/d) was significantly higher in sheep fed mash form of diets than block form irrespective of cultivar and crop residue in the diet. Type of crop residue has no influence on nutrient intake except DOMI but cultivar in the complete diet had influence on nutrient intake either significantly (DOM, CP; P<0.05) or non-significantly (OM, ME) being higher in Andhra hybrid sorghum stover than Telangana stover based diet. N balance was influenced by the type of crop residue, cultivar and physical form of the diet. N balance was significantly (P<0.05) higher in mash than block, Andhra hybrid than Telangana cultivar and SSBLR and sorghum stover based diets than those fed paddy straw based diets. The results of the present study revealed that type and cultivar (quality) of crop residue and physical form of the diet had influence either significantly or non-significantly on intake, nutrient utilization and N balance in growing Deccani sheep fed complete diets.
The world looking towards the alternative energy sources because the utilization of conventional fuel is more and its impact on the environment is also more. The solar power is clean, cheap and availability is plenty. The sun intensity is various from place to place and available at remote areas. Even though we are having plenty amount of solar energy availability but we are unable to utilize solar energy effectively due to wave length variation and intensity variation. Our endeavor is effective utilization of solar energy at robe region where there is no electricity. In robe region, the availability of sun light is 13 hours per day that is morning 6 am to evening 7 pm. This experiment conducts with different filters and without filter on photovoltaic panel to find the effective utilization and for best efficiency level. Around 90 days we conducted this experiment. Every day we taken reading from morning 8 am to evening 5 pm. The best power generation values considered from each filter.
Dual-purpose usage of gr6undnut in mixed crop livestock systems has prompted
collaborative work between groundnut breeders and livestock nutritionists t.o explore
opportunities for increasing the fodder value from groundnut haulms without detriment to
pod yield: About 800 diverse cultivars of groundnut from ICR1SAT groundnut improvement
program groyvn in
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