Abstract As an emerging earth‐abundant light harvesting material, antimony selenosulfide (Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 ) has received tremendous attention for photovoltaics. Manipulating the carrier separation and recombination processes is critical to achieve high device efficiency. Compared to the conventional planar heterojunction (PHJ), the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) configuration affords great potential to enable efficient charge extraction. In this work, BHJ Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 solar cells are constructed based on CdS nanorod arrays (NRAs). Highly ordered CdS NRAs with appropriate nanorod lengths and diameters are obtained by regulating the growth environment and screening different substrates for CdS deposition. A low‐temperature oxygen doping strategy implemented on CdS NRAs is further developed to improve the optoelectronic and defect properties as well as form a favorable cascade band structure for CdS NRAs, so as to realize more efficient charge extraction and suppressed recombination at the heterointerface. As a result, the CdS NRAs‐based superstrated BHJ Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 solar cell yields a considerable power conversion efficiency of 8.04%, outperforming that of the PHJ device. A careful comparative study of PHJ and BHJ based on electrostatic field simulations indicates that the BHJ allows more efficient charge extraction and transport. This work highlights the great potential of BHJ configuration for constructing high‐performance antimony chalcogenide solar cells.
Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) remains a significant public health problem in Ghana and past reviews conducted could not calculate a nationwide prevalence of the disease due to lack of primary research for some regions of the country. We therefore conducted this study to summarize and update the available information on HBV infection burden (prevalence) in Ghana from 2015–2019.We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to retrieve primary studies published in peer-reviewed journals from November 2015 to September 2019, assessing the prevalence of HBV among the Ghanaian populace. The review included 21 studies across all ten old regions of Ghana with a total sample population of 29 061. The HBV prevalence was estimated for subpopulations as follows: 8.36% in the adult population, 14.30% in the adolescent population, and 0.55% in children under five years (pre-school). Among adults, HBV infection prevalence was the highest in the special occupation group (14.40%) and the lowest prevalence rate of 7.17% was recorded among blood donors. Prevalence was lower in the north than in the southern part of the country. The Ashanti region had the most studies at 6/21 (29%), while no study was identified for the Upper West region. Across the country, the highest HBV infection prevalence rates were recorded in the age group of 20–40 years. The burden of hepatitis B is enormous and remains an important public health issue in Ghana. Addressing the issue will require an integrated public health strategy and rethinking of the implementation gaps in the current HBV infection control program. This will help propel the country towards eliminating the disease by 2030.
Purpose: With the increasing prevalence and chronic course of gout, the use of mobile health (mHealth) applications (APPs) for gout self-management is attracting considerable research attention as an effective approach to improving health outcomes. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the self-management support that a mHealth APP for gout should provide to patients according to their needs. The aim of this study was to interview patients with gout and identify their needs with respect to gout self-management support. Patients and Methods: We conducted qualitative research using a purposive sampling method from January 2019 to August 2019. Individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients recruited from West China Hospital in Sichuan, China. The qualitative data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by thematic analysis. Results: Ten male patients with gout were included in the final analysis. Instrumental, psychological, and relational support emerged as themes describing the needs of patients for gout self-management support. The instrumental support included health education, hospital registration, setting reminders, and shopping. Psychological support referred to helping patients mitigate various negative emotions. Relational support included interactions with healthcare providers and fellow patients. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that healthcare providers or companies should develop mHealth APPs for gout self-management based on the needs of patients. Keywords: gout, self-management, mobile applications, China Corrigendum for this paper has been published
The authors' preliminary clinical results have shown that ipsilateral C7 transfer is an effective neurotization procedure for treatment of brachial plexus upper trunk injuries. However, there were temporary muscle weakness and sensory disturbance. To provide safety guidelines for this procedure, the topography of the C7 nerve root and the innervating nerve of its indicator muscle, the thoracodorsal nerve, was studied.
Abstract Sb 2 S 3 is a promising environmentally friendly semiconductor for high performance solar cells. But, like many other polycrystalline materials, Sb 2 S 3 is limited by nonradiative recombination and carrier scattering by grain boundaries (GBs). This work shows how the GB density in Sb 2 S 3 films can be significantly reduced from 1068 ± 40 to 327 ± 23 nm µm −2 by incorporating an appropriate amount of Ce 3+ into the precursor solution for Sb 2 S 3 deposition. Through extensive characterization of structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties, complemented with computations, it is revealed that a critical factor is the formation of an ultrathin Ce 2 S 3 layer at the CdS/Sb 2 S 3 interface, which can reduce the interfacial energy and increase the adhesion work between Sb 2 S 3 and the substrate to encourage heterogeneous nucleation of Sb 2 S 3 , as well as promote lateral grain growth. Through reductions in nonradiative recombination at GBs and/or the CdS/Sb 2 S 3 heterointerface, as well as improved charge‐carrier transport properties at the heterojunction, this work achieves high performance Sb 2 S 3 solar cells with a power conversion efficiency reaching 7.66%. An impressive open‐circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 796 mV is achieved, which is the highest reported thus far for Sb 2 S 3 solar cells. This work provides a strategy to simultaneously regulate the nucleation and growth of Sb 2 S 3 absorber films for enhanced device performance.
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