Plastic debris (including macro-plastics, microplastics (MPs), and nanoplastics), defined as an emerging contaminant, has been proven to significantly affect soil ecosystem functioning. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to robustly quantify the pollution situation and potential sources of plastics in soils. China as the leading producer and user of agricultural plastics is analyzed as a typical case study to highlight the current situation of farmland macro-plastics and MPs. Our study summarized information on the occurrence and abundance of macro-plastics and MPs in Chinese farmland soils for the first time based on 163 publications with 728 sample sites. The results showed that the average concentration of macro-plastics, and the abundance of MPs in Chinese farmlands were 103 kg ha−1 and 4537 items kg−1 (dry soil), respectively. In addition, this study synthesized the latest scientific evidence on sources of macro-plastics and MPs in farmland soils. Agricultural plastic films and organic wastes are the most reported sources, indicating that they contribute significantly to plastic debris in agricultural soils. Furthermore, the modeling methods for quantifying macro-plastics and MPs in soils and estimating the stock and flow of plastic materials within agricultural systems were also summarized.
In this paper,we applied the digital image processing methods to measure the length,wide and area of the PopulustomentosaCarr leaves,we used Hough transformations to correct the geometry distortion of the leaf photos,and achieved reliable data.At last,we established regression equations between the length,wide,the product of length and wide and the area.The results are proved to have a significant correlation,and it also provides a good way to a rapid estimation of plant leaf.
Abstract As a typical inflammatory disease with chronic pain syndromes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) generally requires long‐term treatment with frequent injection administration at 1–2 times per day, because common medications such as interleukin1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra) have poor bioavailability and very limited half‐life residence. Here a novel strategy to fabricate nanotherapeutic formulations employing genetically engineered IL1ra protein complexes, yielding ultralong‐lasting bioefficacy is developed rationally. Using rat models, it is shown that these nanotherapeutics significantly improved drug regimen to a single subcutaneous administration in a 14‐day therapy, suggesting their extraordinary bioavailability and ultralong‐acting pharmacokinetics. Specifically, the half‐life and bioavailability of the nanoformulations are boosted to the level of 30 h and by 7 times, respectively, significantly greater than other systems. This new strategy thus holds great promise to potently improve patient compliance in RA therapy, and it can be adapted for other therapies that suffer similar drawbacks.
AbstractPlastic debris (including macro-plastics, microplastics (MPs), and nanoplastics), defined as an emerging contaminant, has been proven to significantly affect soil ecosystem functioning. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to robustly quantify the pollution situation and potential sources of plastics in soils. China as the leading producer and user of agricultural plastics is analyzed as a typical case study to highlight the current situation of farmland macro-plastics and MPs. Our study summarized information on the occurrence and abundance of macro-plastics and MPs in Chinese farmland soils for the first time based on 163 publications with 728 sample sites. The results showed that the average concentration of macro-plastics, and the abundance of MPs in Chinese farmlands were 103 kg ha−1 and 4537 items kg−1 (dry soil), respectively. In addition, this study synthesized the latest scientific evidence on sources of macro-plastics and MPs in farmland soils. Agricultural plastic films and organic wastes are the most reported sources, indicating that they contribute significantly to plastic debris in agricultural soils. Furthermore, the modeling methods for quantifying macro-plastics and MPs in soils and estimating the stock and flow of plastic materials within agricultural systems were also summarized.Keywords: Abundancefarmland soilsmacro-plasticsmicroplasticsquantitative methodsource apportionmentHANDLING EDITORS: Hyunjung Kim and Jörg Rinklebe Disclosure statementThe authors report there are no competing interests to declare.Additional informationFundingThis research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant [number 42277097]; the UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) and the Natural Environment Research Council project, "Do agricultural microplastics undermine food security and sustainable development in less economically developed countries?" under Grant [NE/V005871/1]; the International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant [NSFC-UNEP: 32261143459], and the High-level Team Project of China Agricultural University.
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