The Baxian area in the Jizhong Depression, west of the Bohai Bay Basin, is rich in geothermal resources, where Xiong County was built as the first smokeless city in China and the Xiong-county Model has become the geothermal resources demonstration model in China. In this study, the present-day geothermal gradient and the horizontal distribution characteristics of the temperature and pressure at different depths in the Baxian area were studied based on massive measured temperature and pressure data of the boreholes, and then the relationship was also discussed between the temperature–pressure field and the geothermal resources. The following findings were obtained. (1) The present-day geothermal gradient of the Baxian area is within the range of 21.8–73.5 °C/km, averaging 33.5 °C/km. (2) Its strata temperature increases as the depth increases. The horizontal variations of the geothermal gradient and strata temperature correspond to the basement relief very well. As the abnormally high temperature areas, the northern Niutuozhen Uplift, the Central Baxian Depression and the central East Langgu Depression possess huge geothermal resources and will be the most favorable exploration targets. (3) The formation pressure of the Baxian area is characterized by normal pressure and weak overpressure, and its horizontal distribution varies at different depths. The middle–strong overpressure generally developed at the depth of 4000 m in the southern Langgu Depression and southern Baxian Depression. This study is of important guiding significance for the exploration and development of geothermal resources in the Baxian area.
The substantial undercooling and rapid solidification of liquid quinary Zr<sub>57</sub>Cu<sub>20</sub>Al<sub>10</sub>Ni<sub>8</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub> alloy are achieved by electromagnetic levitation (EML) technique. The amorphous solidification mechanism is revealed with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It is observed in EML experiment that the containerlessly solidified alloy is characterized by a core-shell structure, with mainly amorphous phase becoming the core and crystalline ZrCu, Zr<sub>2</sub>Cu and Zr<sub>8</sub>Cu<sub>5</sub> phases forming the shell. The volume fraction of amorphous core structure increases with undercooling and attains a value up to 81.3% at the maximum experimental undercooling of 300 K, which indicates that the critical undercooling required for complete amorphous solidification is 334 K. TEM analyses show that the alloy microstructure is mainly composed of Zr<sub>8</sub>Cu<sub>5</sub> phase, whereas the ZrCu phase and Zr<sub>2</sub>Cu phase are suppressed when liquid undercooling approaches this threshold. Once the critical undercooling is reached, amorphous solidification prevails over the crystallization of Zr<sub>8</sub>Cu<sub>5</sub> phase. In addition, a small quantity of amorphous phases are found in the crystalline shell and a little trace of Zr<sub>8</sub>Cu<sub>5</sub> nano-cluster is detected among the amorphous core. It is further verified by MD simulation that the formation of amorphous phase in the shell is caused by the microsegregation-induced solutal undercooling when liquid alloy attains the critical undercooling, while the nano-clusters within the core is mainly ascribed to the micro-thermal fluctuation effect inside highly undercooled liquid phase.
Abstract The uncertainty surrounding the thermal regimes of the ultra‐deep strata in the Tarim and Sichuan basins, China, is unfavorable for further hydrocarbon exploration. This study summarizes and contrasts the present‐day and paleo heat flow, geothermal gradient and deep formation temperatures of the Tarim and Sichuan basins. The average heat flow of the Tarim and Sichuan basins are 42.5 ± 7.6 mW/m 2 and 53.8 ± 7.6 mW/m 2 , respectively, reflecting the characteristics of ‘cold’ and ‘warm’ basins. The geothermal gradient with unified depths of 0–5,000 m, 0–6,000 m and 0–7,000 m in the Tarim Basin are 21.6 ± 2.9 °C/km, 20.5 ± 2.8 °C/km and 19.6 ± 2.8 °C/km, respectively, while the geothermal gradient with unified depths of 0–5,000 m, 0–6,000m and 0–7,000 m in the Sichuan Basin are 21.9 ± 2.3 °C/km, 22.1 ± 2.5 °C/km and 23.3 ± 2.4 °C/km, respectively. The differential change of the geothermal gradient between the Tarim and Sichuan basins with depth probably results from the rock thermal conductivity and heat production rate. The formation temperatures at depths of 6,000 m, 7,000 m, 8,000 m, 9,000 m and 10,000 m in the Tarim Basin are 80°C–190°C, 90°C–220°C, 100°C–230°C, 110°C–240°C and 120°C–250°C, respectively, while the formation temperatures at depths of 6,000 m, 7,000 m, 8,000 m and 9,000 m in the Sichuan Basin are 120°C–200°C, 140°C–210°C, 160°C–260°C and 180°C–280°C, respectively. The horizontal distribution pattern of the ultra‐deep formation temperatures in the Tarim and Sichuan basins is mainly affected by the basement relief, fault activity and hydrothermal upwelling. The thermal modeling revealed that the paleo‐heat flow in the interior of the Tarim Basin decreased since the early Cambrian with an early Permian abrupt peak, while that in the Sichuan Basin experienced three stages of steady state from Cambrian to early Permian, rapidly rising at the end of the early Permian and declining since the late Permian. The thermal regime of the Sichuan Basin was always higher than that of the Tarim Basin, which results in differential oil and gas generation and conservation in the ultra‐deep ancient strata. This study not only promotes theoretical development in the exploration of ultra‐deep geothermal fields, but also plays an important role in determining the maturation phase of the ultra‐deep source rocks and the occurrence state of hydrocarbons in the Tarim and Sichuan basins.
The case of Daqing Lianyi Petro-chemical Co.Ltd is the first case of civil compensation of false representation of securities in China that has gone through all the litigation process from registering to execution.However,the litigation process of the case also reveals the shortcomings of poor judging standard for civil compensation of false representation of securities and the lack of protection of the investors' rights in China.Based on the litigation process of the case of Daqing Lianyi Co.Ltd,this paper probes into these shortcomings with the hope of contributing to the civil compensation system for securities and the protection of investor's rights in China.
Modernity represents a kind of consciousness of times,reason,ideas of advancement and reflective spirit.Historical transformation of modernity brings with it the rise of economic law and its ideas.In a socialist market economy,the putting-forth of the view of scientific development has effected further changes of market economic modernity and promoted the ideas of economic law.To well implement economic law in China on the background of market economic modernity,we should seek guidance in the modern ideas of economic law,foster the beliefs of the people,and especially within the government of economic nomocracy,lay the ideological foundation for the improvement of economic nomocracy,promote the management of economic law and usher in a good order of economic law.
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