The Kaikōura Earthquake ruptured a complex network of at least 20 faults in the northeastern South Island, with variable geometries, slip and slip rates. Ground shaking and surface fault rupture generated a tsunami, thousands of landslides, and many dammed rivers. The earthquake damaged farmland, buildings and infrastructure in the northeastern South Island and Wellington regions, closing critical transport networks for over a year. This special issue presents a collection of 12 papers on the earthquake. These papers cover a range of topics, including, the geometries and paleoearthquake histories of faults that ruptured, seismic hazards, the tsunami and coastal geomorphology, together with the societal impact and communication of the earthquake. They incorporate our understanding of the earthquake 5–6 years since it occurred. Despite an unprecedented amount of data and thousands of published papers referring to the earthquake, many key questions remain. These include: is the Hikurangi subduction interface capable of producing great earthquakes beneath the northeastern South Island? Why did the Hope Fault not accommodate significant slip in the earthquake? Has the earthquake changed the seismic hazard in central Aotearoa New Zealand? Addressing these questions will improve understanding of seismic processes and hazards helping to build resilience to future earthquakes.
This document contains descriptions of the data sources and background relating to the development of the tectonic crustal block reconstruction model in the paper ‘A tectonic reconstruction model for Aotearoa-New Zealand from the mid-Late Cretaceous to the present day’ published in the New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2023.2239175
Mr. RW is a 27-year-old man referred from a district hospital following a motor vehicle crash. He was intubated and ventilated with 100% oxygen. Bilateral intercostal drains were inserted for respiratory distress and poor saturation. Oxygen saturation remained between 84 and 90% during transfer. On arrival: the trachea was central, poor air entry bilaterally was detected and bilateral functioning chest drains were in-situ. He had a sinus tachycardia of 110/min, a blood pressure of 80/45 mmHg and cool peripheries. The Glasgow Coma Scale score was 6T. The abdomen was scaphoid. He was moving all limbs and there were no open wounds or obvious bony injuries. Initial chest radiograph showed more than 80% diffuse opacity in both lung fields (Fig. 1). Arterial blood gas results revealed a pO2 of 8.0 kPa and pCO2 of 6.4 kPa on 100% oxygen. Cervical spine and pelvis plain radiographs were normal, as well as a CAT scan of the brain and abdomen. Inotropic support was commenced. He was admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. Numerous recruitment manoeuvres were performed which improved ventilation and saturation.
The Taupo Rift in the central North Island of New Zealand is a region of active extension of up to 15 mm/yr in the back‐arc of the Hikurangi subduction system. Mapping and trenching has defined a network of active normal faults. Because the paleoseismic and historical earthquake catalogs are short and inhomogeneous, a deterministic computer model of seismicity has been constructed to better understand the earthquake history. The model consists of 26 primary normal fault segments (corresponding to mapped faults with vertical displacement rates of ∼0.1–1.6 mm/yr) and 4700 randomly distributed small normal faults in a ∼40 × 25 km area. All of the model faults interact elastically. Parameters of the model are adjusted to reproduce the geologically observed displacement rates, a regional b value of ∼1.0, and average slip/event of ∼1 m. The result is a long catalog of 500,000 events, magnitude 3.82 to 6.62, which simulates a time period of ∼2 Myr. Characteristic slip events on each segment are mostly well defined and their recurrence times can usually be described by a three parameter Weibull distribution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for recurrence intervals ranges from 0.12 to 1.22 with an average of 0.66; these reduce by about half if fault interactions are turned off. The time series of characteristic earthquakes shows clear evidence of triggered slip up to about 3 years after large magnitude events, followed by relative seismic quiescence. On all segments the moment release rate is relatively stable over time periods of more than about five recurrence intervals (∼2–20 kyr) but can vary on time scales less than that.
Abstract The initial stages of seamount subduction and associated deformation in an overriding accretionary wedge is rarely documented. Initial subduction of Bennett Knoll seamount and faulting of the overlying strata along the Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand, are here studied using multibeam swath bathymetry, subbottom profiles, and regional seismic reflection lines. Our results provide new insights into the earliest stages of seamount collision at sediment-rich margins. Differential shortening along the subduction front induced by seamount subduction is initially accommodated in the accretionary wedge by conjugate strike-slip faults that straddle the buried flanks of the seamount and offset the frontal thrusts by as much as 5 km. The geometries of the strike-slip faults are controlled by the seamount’s dimensions and aspect, the obliquity of plate convergence, pore-fluid pressure, and the thickness and rheology of the incoming sedimentary section. Strike-slip faults in such settings are ephemeral and overprinted by the formation of new structures as seamount subduction advances.
Abstract Southeastern Marlborough, New Zealand, preserves many complete sections through the Cretaceous/ Tertiary (K/T) boundary. Attempts to understand the paleogeography of these sections are hampered by the pervasive, Neogene deformation of the area associated with the propagation of the modern Pacific/Australian plate boundary through New Zealand. In this paper, we produce palinspastic maps of southeastern Marlborough for five intervals of Cretaceous and Paleogene time, based on a retro‐deformed, pre‐Neogene geographic model. Retro‐deformation takes account of: displacements on five major faults; distributed, between‐fault shortening; and a uniform, vertical axis, clockwise rotation of 100°. The mapped intervals are: (1) part of the Urutawan‐Motuan (middle‐late Albian, c. 105–102 Ma); (2) the Piripauan (latest Coniacian to late Santonian, 86.5–84.5 Ma); (3) the Early to early Late Haumurian (late Santonian‐Campanian, 84.5–72 Ma); (4) the late Late Haumurian to late Teurian (late Maastrichtian to late Paleocene, 68–58 Ma); and (5) the Waipawan‐Mangaorapan (early Eocene, 55–51 Ma). During the Cretaceous and Paleogene, southeastern Marlborough lay on the generally north‐facing, Pacific margin of proto‐New Zealand. The palinspastic maps record the progressive drowning of what we infer to be a faulted platform, the "Marlborough paleo‐platform", that formed the eastern boundary of a large embayment, the "Marlborough paleo‐embayment". In the late Early and early Late Cretaceous, terrigenous clastic sediments were deposited on the platform at mostly shelf to upper bathyal depths. Ngaterian (late Albian‐Cenomanian) and Piripauan (latest Coniacian to late Santonian) paleoshorelines lay within the study area and were oriented northeast‐southwest. Subsequently, regional, passive subsidence of the continental margin resulted in transgression towards the south and southeast and a switch from terrigenous clastic to biogenic sedimentation. By the end of the Cretaceous, much of the Marlborough paleo‐platform was at outer shelf to bathyal depths; by the early Eocene, it lay entirely at bathyal depths. During the latest Cretaceous and Paleogene, the position of the Marlborough paleo‐embayment coincided approximately with a significant boundary in sedimentary regime, separating dominantly biogenic sediments in the east from mixed biogenic‐siliciclastic sediments to the west. The palinspastic maps show internal consistencies that give us some confidence in the new analysis. Differences from previous maps are attributed both to the retro‐deformation and also to variations in the locations, values, and number of data points used to construct isopachs. Locally restoring paleogeography by retro‐deforming structures is likely to be of most use where the amount of deformation is high (e.g., >20% shortening and/or some tens of kilometres of fault displacements), where the isopachs are well constrained by robust data points, and where regional or global controls on sedimentary and biological patterns are significant and of interest.
Introduction:Outcomes of patients undergoing damage control laparotomy (DCL) for abdominal gunshot wounds (GSWs) remains relatively unknown.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of DCL on long term morbidity and survival.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on patients undergoing a damage control laparotomy for abdominal GSWs.The data were collected using 50 consecutive trauma patients over a 4.5-year-period between August 1 st , 2004 and September 30 th , 2009.The patients were classified regarding the characteristics, such as age, perioperative physiological parameters, trauma indices, number of abdominal GSWs, critical care unit stay, hospital length of stay, morbidity, and mortality.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed to compute the odds of survival and estimate the unadjusted and adjusted association between these factors.Results: According to the results, the majority of the patients were male (96%) with a mean age of 29.7 years who had a single abdominal gunshot wound (60%).Liver injuries (58%) followed by small bowel (44%), majors venous (40%), and colonic (38%) trauma were observed in the patients.The overall mortality rate was obtained at 54%.The mean length of intensive care unit stay and mean hospital length of stay were 7 and 13 days, respectively.Factors associated with a decreased odds of survival included Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Index (PATI) > 25, intra-operative blood lactate level > 8 mmol/L, and massive transfusion >10 units packed red blood cells. Conclusions:After controlling the confounding factors, a PATI score of > 25 was associated with a decreased odds of survival (OR: 0.20, P=0.04).
Zargaran, Eiman MD, MHSc; Adolph, Lauren; Schuurman, Nadine PhD; Roux, Larissa MD, PhD; Ramsey, Damon MD; Simons, Richard MB, BChir; Spence, Richard MD; Nicol, Andrew J. MD, PhD; Navsaria, Pradeep MD; Puyana, Juan Carlos MD; Parry, Neil MD; Moore, Lynne PhD; Aboutanos, Michel MD, MPH; Yanchar, Natalie MD; Razek, Tarek MD; Ball, Chad G. MD, MSc; Hameed, S. Morad MD, MPH for the Trauma Association of Canada, the Trauma Society of South Africa, and the Panamerican Trauma Society Author Information
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