To determine the interrelationships between baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and overall long-term risk of cerebrovascular disease (CBVD).This was a prospective cohort study of subjects aged 55 years or more who were enrolled in the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) and had a baseline MMSE score available. Baseline MMSE score was divided into four categories: ≥28, 26-27, 23-25, and ≤22. Participants were followed for 23 years. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between MMSE score and CBVD.A total of 2101 participants were included in this analysis, 335 (15.9%) with an MMSE score ≥28, 365 (17.4%) with a score of 26-27, 579 (27.6%) with a score of 23-25, and 822 (7.4%) with a score ≤22. There were 576 cases of CBVD. The overall risk of CBVD increased with decreasing MMSE score. The impact of MMSE score on the risk of CBVD was much stronger in women than in men. The hazard ratio for CBVD risk was 1.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.39, P < 0.05) for subjects with an MMSE score ≤22, and 1.21 (95% CI, 0.91-1.61, P < 0.05) for those with an MMSE score of 23-25. Higher MMSE scores were less strongly associated with the risk of CBVD.Elderly people with lower MMSE scores, especially women, are at higher long-term risk of CBVD.
Prediabetes (PDM) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. The present study evaluated the association between diabetes status and radial artery (RA) atherosclerosis using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ACS patients.A total of 335 ACS patients who underwent RA OCT were categorized into the DM group, the PDM group, and the normal glucose metabolism (NGM) group. OCT characteristics and clinical variables were compared.RA atherosclerotic plaques were more frequent in the PDM and DM groups than in the NGM group (38.7% vs. 33.3% vs. 16.1%, p = 0.001). Lipid and calcified plaque occurrence were significantly more common in the DM group, followed by the PDM and NGM groups (19.3% vs. 14.6% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.027; 11.8% vs. 6.5% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.009). The prevalence of microvessels in the PDM group was significantly higher (42.7% vs 23.7%, p = 0.017) than in the NGM group but was comparable to the DM group. Multivariate analysis revealed that HbA1c level and age were independent predictors of RA plaque formation and eccentric intimal hyperplasia (all p<0.05).RA atherosclerosis characteristics differ according to diabetes status. HbA1c level could be a useful marker for RA atherosclerosis progression in ACS patients.
In the present study, the Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) of Chlorella sp. USTB-01 purified and characterized. Molecular weight of ACCase was calculated to be about 456 kD and was comprised of two identical subunits of 229 kD. The enzymatic characteristics isoelectric point was 6.7. Moreover, a rapid and sensitive assay of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established to measure overall activity of ACCase in low protein content condition by detect the ACCase activity by measuring ADP production and Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA).
OBJECTIVE Focus on the Active Life Expectancy (ALE) of elderly in Beijing and the transition in recent years. METHODS A representative sample of 3257 elderly people who lived in the urban, suburban and rural communities in Beijing that had been followed up for 12 years. Their health and survival status had been surveyed every 2-3 years. Activity Daily Living scale (ADL), recommended by WHO was used to evaluate the physical function capability of the elderly. IMaCH 0.8 was used to estimate life expectancy (LE) and active life expectancy (ALE) for both periods while age, sex and rural/urban residence areas were adjusted. RESULTS Longitudinally, data showed that the main characters remained unchange throughout the two periods including 1) LE, ALE, ALE/LE of elderly living in urban area were higher than those living in rural area; 2) LE seemed longer in women than men, but ALE/LE was less in women. The transition between two period showed that 1) LE increased modestly in all groups but less prominent in urban residents and in females; 2) ALE was not significantly changed in the rural elderly but declined markedly in women living in the urban area; 3) ALE/LE of the elderly declined in all groups, especially in urban and oldest old groups. CONCLUSION In Beijing, elderly AL-E did not increase in parallel with the increase of LE while ALE/LE of the elderly declined significantly in recent years. In order to improve quality of life of the elderly and to increase their ALE, emphasis should be given to prevention of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and other chronic diseases while reducing the occurrence of physical disability and strengthening on rehabilitation would be the basic health care measures.
To describe changes in activities of daily living (ADL) of community-dwelling Beijing elderly people, observed for 8 years, and to identify the demographic characteristics that predict the functional change.Four sets of interview data from1992 to 2000 were used to evaluate changes among Beijing elderly aged 55 years and over.Results revealed that prevalence of disability increased from 3.9% to 7.1 % during the 8 years of follow-up with the average increasing rate of disability was 0.41 % per year.Meanwhile an increasing likelihood of recovery from disability is observed with age and time.Women, aged 75 or more, experienced higher disability than men though it was in the opposite for younger ages.In addition, certain demographic subgroups (such as women, unmarried, illiterate and living in non urban area) appeared to be at higher risk for ADL impaired.The patterns of ADL change is in both the direction of improvement and declination. Demographic variables emerged as a significant predictor in estimating functional outcomes. Furthermore, it is recommended that the demarcation factor for the evaluation of ADL should be 75 years of age.J Epidemiol, 2002;12:280-286
Objective: Cognitive frailty (CF) refers to the co-occurrence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment in persons without dementia. We aimed to explore the prevalence and associated factors of CF in China. Method: Data were obtained from the China Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Study (CCGAS). A total of 5708 community-dwelling older adults without dementia were included. CF was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination for the evaluation of cognitive status and the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment-Frailty Index for the evaluation of physical frailty. Participants with both cognitive impairment and physical frailty were classified as having CF. Sociodemographic and clinical history was also collected. Logistic analysis was used to explore the association between the associated factors and CF. Results: The overall crude prevalence of CF was 3.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.0 - 4.0), and the standard prevalence of CF was 2.7% (95% CI = 2.0 - 3.0). The prevalence of CF was significantly higher in women than men and higher in residents of rural areas than urban areas. Moreover, the prevalence of CF was found to increase with age. Multiple factor analysis showed that depression (OR = 2.462, 95% CI=1.066-5.687) and hearing impairment (OR = 2.713, 95% CI = 1.114-6.608) were independent associated factors of CF in elderly individuals with physical frailty. Conclusion: Our results provide the first empirical evidence of CF in China. We have identified several associated factors with CF which should be considered while assessing older adults. More studies in Chinese population with CF are demanded to confirm with our findings.
Objective To explore the association of depression, as well as untreated hypertension or diabetes with all-cause death in community-based postmenopausal women in Beijing.Methods A cohort of 863 community-based postmenopausal women with no history of cardiovascular heart disease (CHD), stroke, cancer, or dementia was investigated on 20 July–28 September 2009 at baseline. Depression was diagnosed using the 30-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale with CES-D ≥ 11. Meanwhile, data on health behavior, physical comorbidity, and social support at baseline were collected. These individuals were followed up from 20 July to 30 August 2014. All-cause mortality and cause of death were surveyed.Results After a median follow-up of 4.97 years, 120 subjects died of all-cause. Twenty-four died of stroke, 19 died of myocardial infarction, 21 died of cancer. The others died of aging, infection, and accident. Depression and untreated HP were significantly associated with all-cause mortality in Cox models after full adjustment for all of the potential confounders (Depression HR: 2.16, 95%CI: 1.35–3.46; Untreated hypertension HR: 1.84, 95%CI: 1.12–3.02). However, negative correlation of untreated diabetes on all-cause mortality was observed in this population (HR: 1.36, 95%CI: 0.75–2.49). When depression was co-existing with hypertension/diabetes, the HR for mortality elevated significantly (Depression co-existing with hypertension HR = 3.87, 95% CI: 2.07–7.23; Depression co-existing with diabetes HR = 5.02, 95% CI: 1.5–16.79).Conclusions It is suggested we should take sufficient care of postmenopausal females with depression and control blood pressure and glucose more effectively.Abbreviations: HP: Hypertension; DM: Diabetes; TC: Cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; BMI: Body-Mass Index; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HR: Hazard Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; ADL: Activities of daily living scale
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