The aging of insulation materials in GIS leads to a series of electrical problems. As a fully enclosed device, GIS faces extremely complex repairing problems once an accident occurs comparing with the separated open equipment. The root cause of this problem is multifaceted, including not only the high voltage issues, but also the environmental factors in operation such as temperature, mechanical vibration, etc. All these lead to the aging of insulation materials and the failure of the equipment. Therefore, it is important to analyze the aging state of the GIS spacer, especially the GIS spacers in service. In this paper, to evaluate the aging state of the GIS spacer in service, the structural properties, as well as electrical performance of insulating material obtained from a GIS spacer served more than 15 years are characterized and compared with that of a new GIS spacer. To investigate the change in electrical properties, dielectric loss test, polarization current, surface resistance, and partial discharge measurement are delivered. And thermal characterizations including DSC, TGA and IR are also delivered to investigate the structure change of the insulation epoxy. The results show that the aging effect reduces the surface resistances and increases the dielectric loss, polarization current and partial discharge. And with the service time increases, the glass transition temperature and the thermal decomposition temperature of the GIS spacer declines.
Abstract Successful cancer therapies aim to induce selective apoptosis in neoplastic cells. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered an attractive anticancer agent due to its tumor cell-specific cytotoxicity. However, earlier studies with recombinant TRAIL revealed many shortcomings, including a short half-life, off-target toxicity and existence of TRAIL-resistant tumor cells. In this study, we developed a novel engineering strategy for recombinant soluble TRAIL by redesigning its structure with the adenovirus knobless fiber motif to form a stable homotrimer with improved antitumor activity. The result is a highly stable fiber-TRAIL fusion protein that could form homotrimers similar to natural TRAIL. The recombinant fusion TRAIL developed here displayed high specific activity in both cell-based assays in vitro and animal tests in vivo . This construct will serve as a foundation for a new generation of recombinant proteins suitable for use in preclinical and clinical studies and for effective combination therapies to overcome tumor resistance to TRAIL.
Various types of epoxy/BN composites were prepared to optimize material conditions for high thermal conductivity and high breakdown strength. The best composite was found to be epoxy/conglomerated h-BN/ nano silica nano micro composite with thermal conductivity 12 W/m·K and BD strength 15 kV peak /0.2 mm. One of the most important factors to obtain high values of the two performances is to reduce void content. Surface treatment of fillers and nano filler addition are also useful.
Various types of epoxy/BN composites were prepared to optimize material conditions for high thermal conductivity and high breakdown strength. The best composite was found to be epoxy/conglomerated h-BN/nano silica nano micro composite with thermal conductivity 12 W/m·K and BD strength 15 kV peak /0.2 mm. One of the most important factors to obtain high values of the two performances is to reduce void content. Surface treatment of fillers and nano filler addition are also useful.
INTRODUCTION.To determine the effectiveness of an educational program based on Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines to reduce sepsis mortality in several hospitals in Spain.METHODS.Eleven Spanish ICUs, in the South of Spain (Andalucia) were included in a prospective study.A multicentric study realised during 2005 and 2006.We determined the rate of compliance of the resuscitation bundle (first 6 h) and the management bundle (first 24 h) during 2 months before the educational program and 4 months after the educational program.RESULTS.Three hundred and thirty patients were enrolled in this analysis: severe sepsis (29.4%) or septic shock (70.6%) admitted in intensive care units.There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to base-line characteristics and severity of illness measured by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II were similar for both groups.Patients characteristics were as follows: age, 62 (60, 63) years; APACHE II score, 21 (20, 22).The main sources of infection were: lung (36.1%), abdomen (28.1%) and UTI (11%).CVP and Svc02 monitoring, antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, inotropes, corticosteroides, and rhAPC were included in the educational program.The patients in the after EP period had measured more Svc02 (36.2 vs. 15.5%),CVP (45.7 vs. 39.9%) and lactate (27.7 vs. 23.2%)All patients received broad-spectrum antibiotics, patient in the after group received more corticosteroids (35 vs. 25%), a lower lactate (3.8 vs. 5.19 mmol/l), blood culture (47.4 vs. 37.5%), were more likely to receive intravenous fluids of [20 ml/kg body weight before vasopressor administration (38 vs. 36%), patient in the after group were less likely to require vasopressor (43 vs. 47%).In the after EP period these patients had a shorter length of stay in intensive care (238 vs. 280 h, we reduced the length in 15.1%) and shorter hospital length of stay (688 vs. 719 h).Mortality in ICU pre-EP was 43.8% and after-EP was 31.6%.The percentage of compliance with 6-h and 24-h bundle in the after-EP increased, respectively (9.85%, P \ 0.01 and 8.86%), total compliance was also 46.62%. CONCLUSIONS.Our study found the implementation of a standardized order set for the management of septic shock was associated with an important decreased of the mortality (12.2%), improving early and accurate diagnosis and increasing the use of appropriate treatment and interventions.
Microbiomes are inherently linked by their structural similarity, yet the global features of such similarity are not clear. Here, we propose as a solution a search-based microbiome transition network. By traversing a composition-similarity-based network of 177,022 microbiomes, we show that although the compositions are distinct by habitat, each microbiome is on-average only seven neighbors from any other microbiome on Earth, indicating the inherent homology of microbiomes at the global scale. This network is scale-free, suggesting a high degree of stability and robustness in microbiome transition. By tracking the minimum spanning tree in this network, a global roadmap of microbiome dispersal was derived that tracks the potential paths of formulating and propagating microbiome diversity. Such search-based global microbiome networks, reconstructed within hours on just one computing node, provide a readily expanded reference for tracing the origin and evolution of existing or new microbiomes. IMPORTANCE It remains unclear whether and how compositional changes at the "community to community" level among microbiomes are linked to the origin and evolution of global microbiome diversity. Here we propose a microbiome transition model and a network-based analysis framework to describe and simulate the variation and dispersal of the global microbial beta-diversity across multiple habitats. The traversal of a transition network with 177,022 samples shows the inherent homology of microbiome at the global scale. Then a global roadmap of microbiome dispersal derived from the network tracks the potential paths of formulating and propagating microbiome diversity. Such search-based microbiome network provides a readily expanded reference for tracing the origin and evolution of existing or new microbiomes at the global scale.
Surface flashover is the key limitation of the performance of high power devices, so the study on surface flashover of insulating material is very important. This paper studies the spectral characteristic of vacuum surface flashover of epoxy material and tries to find the relationship of the flashover spectrum and some influence factors. And a spectrum testing system is set up for the measurement.
Hydrogen bonding (HB) is essential for the mechanical properties of cellulose‐based materials. However, the plastification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) caused by the transition of HB in the presence of water is still insufficiently understood. In this work, the rigid–soft transition of nanoconfined chains in non‐ordered regions of CNC surfaces is quantitively described by comparing their strain behaviors with amorphous cellulose. Moreover, this softening (referred to as the “hydro‐glass transition”) with increasing relative humidity (RH) is explored, and a threshold RH value (RH t ) is identified to characterize the transition. The phenomenon is attributed to the monolayer to multilayer adsorption and eventually capillary condensation of water molecules in wedged mesopores of the CNC films. This triggers a rapid transition of HB from cellulose–cellulose to cellulose–water type in the vicinity of RH t . The hydro‐glass transition is promoted by higher temperatures, for example, RH t at 65 °C decreases to 50%. In addition, the presence of surface groups with lower acid dissociation constant (comparing SO 3 − and OH/COO − moieties) also accelerates this hydro‐glass transition process. Thus, a detailed understanding of the thermodynamic changes in hydrogen‐bonded nanoconfined polymer chains in the presence of humidity, with implications for developing nanomaterials with RH‐controlled properties, is provided.
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