The traditional utilization of coal fuels is primarily through direct combustion to generate electricity, with low efficiency and significant carbon dioxide emissions conflicting with the goal of carbon neutrality. Here, for the first time, we proposed a novel electrochemical system to achieve the tri-generation of hydrogen, power, and methane from coal-based fuels, with CO2 emission efficiency reduced in tail gas, enabled by protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) combined with water gasification of coal and CO2 methanation. As demonstrated, the system firstly achieved an enhanced hydrogen production rate of up to 34.8 µmol min-1 g-1 from the syngas produced by coal gasification. Sequentially, the system achieved an excellent peak power density of 868 mW cm-2 at 600°C in the PCFCs fueled by the syngas, enhanced by a catalytic functional layer (CFL, NiMn@YSZ). In addition, the system is able to produce methane at 6.3 mL min-1 during in-situ CO2 methanation at 500°C with a current density of 110 mA cm-2. This work introduces a new electrochemical strategy for efficiently utilizing coal to generate electricity and value-added chemicals.
Herbicides (HBCs) have a special contribution in achieving high crop yields; however, long-term application of large amounts of HBCs has become a potential hazard to the safety of agricultural products and the ecological environment in Blackland areas, especially a potential threat to human health. Surface river water and underground well water samples located in Hailun, a typical black soil region in northeast China, were collected, 26 HBC species in the samples were determined, their exposure characteristics through drinking and non-drinking water routes were analyzed, and the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of HBCs to adults and children were assessed. The results showed that after long-term (> 20 years) application of HBCs, the concentration of HBC in water ranged from ND to 6,288.00 ng/L, and the total contents of 26 HBCs varied from 4.80 to 15,610.72 ng/L, with higher detection rates of acetochlor, fomesafen, bentazone, and atrazine. The non-carcinogenic risk values for children and adults from HBC in surface water and groundwater at all sites collected in the present study were well below 1, and all were at acceptable levels. The maximum carcinogenic risk of atrazine in water for children and adults was 2.01E-05 and 3.44E-06, respectively. Here, atrazine posed a low level of carcinogenic risk to children in 35%, 47.22%, and 42.86% of the water samples collected in April, July, and September, respectively, while this value was 10%, 22.22%, and 9.52% for adults, respectively. Exposure to herbicides in water humans is primarily by the intake route, and the non-carcinogenic risk values for herbicides are below the threshold recommended by the USEPA and are at acceptable levels. Carcinogenic atrazine at some of the sampling sites has caused low-risk health effects to residents, especially children, and should receive focused attention.
Root exudates are the main media of information communication and energy transfer between plant roots and the surrounding environment. The change in secretion of root exudates is usually an external detoxification strategy for plants under stress conditions. This protocol aims to introduce general guidelines for the collection of alfalfa root exudates to study the impact of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on metabolite production. First, alfalfa seedlings are grown under DEHP stress in a hydroponic culture experiment. Second, the plants are transferred to centrifuge tubes containing 50 mL of sterilized ultrapure water for 6 h to collect root exudates. The solutions are then freeze-dried in a vacuum freeze dryer. The frozen samples are extracted and derivatized with bis(trimethylsilyl)) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) reagent. Subsequently, the derivatized extracts are measured using a gas chromatograph system coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC-TOF-MS). The acquired metabolite data are then analyzed based on bioinformatic methods. Differential metabolites and significantly changed metabolism pathways should be deeply explored to reveal the impact of DEHP on alfalfa in view of root exudates.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)