The goal of this research was to study the factors influencing the in vitro transdermal penetration of nicotinamide and to establish an evaluation method for the in vitro transdermal absorption of nicotinamide. The permeability of nicotinamide was investigated with Franz diffusion cell in vitro transcutaneous assays, and the effect of the receiving solution composition, receiving solution pH, skin type, diffusion cell temperature, active ingredient concentration, supply quantity, and product dosage form on its permeation was investigated separately by high-performance liquid chromatography. The best assay for the transdermal absorption of nicotinamide was established—there was a better transdermal absorption performance, more stable system, better applicability, and better reproducibility when the receiving solution was PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) solution, the pH was 7.4, the membrane was pig ear skin, the temperature was 37 °C, the concentration of nicotinamide was 3%, and the dose of the test substance was 2 g. In the three cosmetic dosage forms of toning lotion, milk lotion, and gel, the permeability of milk lotion was the highest, followed by toning lotion and gel.
Multiple emulsions are of growing interest as potential delivery vehicles for active constituents. The objective of this study was to encapsulate a water-soluble substance as a functional ingredient in the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions with nano droplets, and the resultant characterizations have been determined. Emulsions have been generated using ultrasonic with different time, the prepared multiple emulsions have been characterized with microscopic analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, encapsulation efficiency, and rheology. Moreover, droplet size and conductivity analysis have been determined to measure stability. Results showed that multiple structures exist after ultrasonic. Furthermore, these nano multiple emulsions presented encapsulation efficiencies up to 60%, while oil droplets size was 320 nm. Rheology analysis showed dissimilar features of distinct particle size, while droplet size and conductivity analysis indicated a similar trend with the passage time. As a conclusion of this study, the results were encouraging towards development of a nano multiple emulsion encapsulate water-soluble active ingredient for cosmetics.
Shea butter nanoemulsions were optimized using response surface design methods. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were employed to find the favorable region for preparing the coarse emulsion, which was subsequently used to prepare the nanoemulsions. With the addition of 0.2 wt% NaCl, the coarse emulsion region increased. We considered the influence of homogenization pressure and number of passes on the particle size, and there was a linear decrease in the logarithm of the mean droplet diameter with the logarithm of the homogenization pressure. According to the response surface design analysis (RSD), NaCl (0.30 wt%) can significantly reduce the particle size of nanoemulsions. Simultaneously, it can also reduce the polydispersity index (PDI). The oil concentration also has significant impact on the particle size; however, it has faint influence on the PDI. Optimum formulation and conditions for minimum particle size and the highest stability were found at 5.0 wt% mixed emulsifiers, 10.0 wt% oil content, 0.3 wt% NaCl content, 8 pass times of homogenization and 100 MPa homogenization pressure.
The aim of the study was to develop a kind of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) liposome modified by PEG‐7 glyceryl cocoate for cosmetic use. Encapsulation efficiency, particle morphology, particle size, zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were studied to get its physico‐chemical properties. Release property, skin permeation in vitro, and storage stability were also investigated to evaluate the application performance. The results showed that the PEG‐modified liposomes were spherical particles with mean particle size of 117 ± 4.6 nm. Zeta potential and average encapsulation efficiency were −22.5 ± 0.54 mv and 91.9 ± 2.43%, respectively. The FTIR results indicated that GA had been loaded successfully into the liposomes. Compared with the non‐PEG‐modified liposomes, the PEG‐modified GA liposomes showed lower release rate and higher deposition in epidermis/dermis in vitro study, and also possessed better stability according to the little change of particle size during 30 days. Practical applications: Liposomes are widely used in drug delivery system but rarely used in cosmetics. It is necessary to develop a kind of liposome especially for cosmetic use. Different from other non‐modified liposomes, all of the materials used in this study are non‐toxic which guarantee the safety. The high liposome concentration up to 10% w/w also makes it efficient in large‐scale production. Furthermore, the cooperation of PEG‐7 glyceryl cocoate could prolong the release rate of GA from liposomes, and thus, achieve a better application performance. These results indicate that PEG‐modified liposomes can be a potential delivery system for the water‐insoluble GA and be used in cosmetics. The forming mechanism of the GA modified liposome in this chart was as follows: the water insoluble GA dissolved in the PEG‐7 glyceryl cocoate and the organic phase of phospholipids was put into the water phase at the same time, the phospholipid molecules wrapped the GA in the bilayers and the PEG‐7 glyceryl cocoate was bonded to the hydrophilic group of liposome vesicles. This structure made the liposome more smaller and higher encapsulation efficiency, and it also brought a prolonged release rate and better drug deposition in epidermis compare with the non‐modified ones.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Siwu paste (SWP) is a classic prescription from the 'Xian Shou Li Shang Xu Duan Secret Recipe', which usually has been used for nourishing blood or blood deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine with over 1000 years. Yet, the SWP’s hematopoiesis mechanism is still unclear.Aim of the study: To investigate the regulation mechanism of hematopoiesis of SWP in anemia rats.Materials and methods: Blood cell and biochemical analysis were used to evaluate the hematopoietic function of SWP in anemia rats. The intestinal microbial composition and the metabolites was analysed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and UPLC-TripleTOF system nontargeting metabolomics, respectively. The correlation digging was applied to construct the interaction between gut microbiota and blood hematopoiesis, and to explain the potential role of gut microbiota for the hematopoiesis of SWP in anemia patients.Results: Our study found that SWP can improve the levels of red blood cell, hemoglobin, platelet, hematocrit value, white blood cell, lymphocyte, EPO, TPO, and GM-CSF in anemia rats, and significantly change the microbial community and its metabolites. The correlation analysis of intestinal microbiota-hematopoietic efficacy show that 13 kinds of different intestinal flora were related to hematopoietic efficacy, in which Prevotella_1, Prevotella_9, Lactobacillus and norank_f__Muribaculaceae were significantly positively correlated with hematopoiesis, nine kinds of intestinal flora are negative correlated with hematopoietic effect (e.g., Roseburia, Allobaculum, unclassified_f__Ruminococcaceae, Romboutsia). Compared with anemia rats, 218 potential metabolic biomarkers and 36 metabolites with significant differences were identified in SWP treatment group, and the key metabolites were mainly about amino acids and lipids. In-depth analysis of metabolic pathways showed that SWP mainly affected 7 metabolic pathways, which including aminobenzoic acid degradation and tryptophan metabolism.Conclusion: In this study, our results provide the novel insights into the regulation of hematopoiesis of SWP on anemia rats were correlated with gut microbiota and their metabolites, which through the restoration of the firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio (e.g., norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and Prevotella_9).
A new cloud point extraction procedure was established for the simultaneous preconcentration and determination of cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) ions in water samples. After complexation with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5- (diethylamino) phenol (5-Br-PADAP), the analytes could be competitively extracted in a surfactant octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol (TritonX-114), prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of pH, the concentrations of chelating agent and surfactant, equilibration temperature and time, sample volume, etc on CPE were studied. The preconcentration factor obtained was 25 and the limits of detection (DL) obtained for cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) were 2.4, 1.7 and 1.5 ng·mL−1, respectively. Standard reference material of poplar leaf (GBW 07604) was analyzed by the proposed methods, giving results of cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) found contents in consistency with the standard values. The presented preconcentration procedure was successfully applied to determination cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) in water samples.
The aim of this study was to encapsulate glabridin (GB) into nanoparticles, prepared by an ionic-gelation method blended with chitosan (CS) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) to address the issue of poor stability and low water solubility of glabridin.The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.FT-IR results indicated that the spontaneous interaction between CS, γ-PGA and GB can form a cross linked network-structure, leading to the spontaneous formation of nanoparticles. Morphology of the complex particles was nano-scale spherical shape. Furthermore, particle size was decreased according to the decrease of γ-PGA contents and CS, accompanying with the increase of mixed solution transmittance. The mγ-PGA : mGB = 1: 1 and mCS: (mγ-PGA + mGB) =1: 1 were considered to be a proper preparation condition of CS/γ-PGA/GB hybrid nanoparticles, which produced the smaller nanoparticles with the satisfactory encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading content (LC) and sustained GB release. With the increase of pH values, the potential, EE, and LC decreased gradually, while the particle size increased. The nanoparticles prepared with higher molecular weight γ-PGA had larger particle size and less loading capacity on GB. Additionally, moderate weight ratio of CS/γ-PGA/GB, low pH, and high molecular weight of γ-PGA were favorable for sustained release.It can be concluded that the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and GB release behaviors were affected by several factors including the weight ratio of CS/γ-PGA/GB, pHvalues, and γ-PGA molecular weight (MW). Nanoencapsulation using CS, γ-PGA and GB has a potential application for the development of functional cosmetic products with skin-whitening effect.
Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are finding increasing use as delivery systems to encapsulate lipophilic bioactive components in personal care and pharmaceutical. The aim of this study was to optimize the composition and stability of ceramide-2 nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions were prepared by high pressure homogenizer emulsification method using sodium dilauramidoglutamide lysine (DLGL) as surfactant. Results showed that the oil type and concentration had an appreciable impact on the particle size and stability of the ceramide-2 enriched nanoemulsions. The presence of the aliphatic alcohol altered the curvature of the surfactant molecular and increased the stability of nanoemulsions. The zeta potential of nanoemulsions decreased with the addition of cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), which weakens the electrostatic interactions between droplets and lowers the stability of the nanoemulsions. The particle size decreased with increasing concentrations of both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAB). The variation of zeta potential with SDS and CAB was insignificant, which was attributed to the high zeta potential value resulted from anionic gemini surfactant DLGL. The instability mechanism of nanoemulsions was the Ostwald ripening. This study demonstrated that the addition of aliphatic alcohol, SDS, or CAB was beneficial to the stability of ceramide-2 nanoemulsions and decreased the Ostwald ripening rate.
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