Driver distraction has become a major threat to the road safety, and the globally booming taxi-hailing application introduces new source of distraction to drivers. Although various in-vehicle information systems have been studied extensively, no documentation exists objectively measuring the extent to which interacting with taxi-hailing application during driving impacts drivers’ behavior. To fill this gap, a simulator-based study was conducted to synthetically compare the effects that different output modalities (visual, audio, and combined visual–audio) and input modalities (baseline, manual, and speech) imposed on the driving performance. The results show that the visual output introduced more negative effects on driving performance compared to audio output. In the combined output, visual component dominated the effects imposed on the longitudinal control and hazard detection; audio component only exacerbated the negative effects of visual component on the lateral control. Speech input modality was overall less detrimental to driving performance than manual input modality, especially reflected in the drivers’ quicker reaction to hazard events. The visual–manual interaction modality most severely impaired the hazard detecting ability, while also led to strong compensative behaviors. The audio–speech and visual–speech modality associated with more smooth lateral control and faster response to hazard events, respectively, compared to other modality. These results could be applied to improve the design of not only the taxi-hailing application but also other input–output balanced in-vehicle information systems.
As the most dangerous and complex type of vehicle crash, rollover has gained much attention over the years. To evaluate the effect of end constraints of the Jordan rollover system (JRS), vehicle kinematics and occupant responses in a JRS test were compared with the results in an unconstrained over-the-road rollover (OTRR) event by using computational simulation method. Both dummy and human models were used to investigate the biofidelity of the dummy model during rollover crash. The results show that whatever the roll direction is, the vehicle kinematics under current impact configuration in JRS test has a less than 12% variation than in OTRR. The occupant responses in JRS test are less than 11% different from that in OTRR in passenger-side leading rollover. But in driver-side leading rollover, the variations in occupant responses between JRS and OTRR become larger. It is also concluded that the dummy model has lower head acceleration and higher neck force and chest deflection than the human model during rollover crash.
The driver’s whole-body posture at the time of a collision is a key factor in determining the magnitude of injury to the driver. However, current researchs on driver posture models only consider the upper body posture of the driver, and the lower body area which is not perceived by sensors is not studied. This paper investigates the driver’s posture and establishes a 3D posture model of the driver’s whole body through the application of machine vision algorithms and regression model statistics. This study proposes an improved Kinect-OpenPose algorithm for identifying the 3D spatial coordinates of nine keypoints of the driver’s upper body. The posture prediction regression model of four keypoints of the lower body is established by conducting volunteer posture acquisition experiments on the developed simulated driving seat and analyzing the volunteer posture data through using the principal components of the upper body keypoints and the seat parameters. The experiments proved that the error of the regression model in this paper is minor than that of current studies, and the accuracy of the keypoint location and the keypoint connection length of the established driver whole body posture model is high, which provides implications for future studies.
As one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for the treatment of various liver diseases, virgate wormwood herb (Artemisia capillaris Thunb.) has a long application history in TCM practices. It has been well established that the chemical composition is responsible for the pronounced therapeutic spectrum of A. capillaris. Although they are comprehensive, the time-intensive liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assays cannot fully satisfy the analytical measurement workload from many test samples. Direct infusion-MS/MS (DI–MS/MS) may be the optimal choice to achieve high-throughput analysis if the mass spectrometer can universally record MS2 spectra. According to the application of gas phase ion fractionation concept, the MS/MSALL program enables to gain MS2 spectrum for each nominal m/z value with a data-independent acquisition algorithm via segmenting the entire MS1 ion cohort into sequential ion pieces with 1 Da width, when sufficient measurement time is allowed by DI approach. Here, rapid clarification of the chemical composition was attempted for A. capillaris using DI–MS/MSALL. A. capillaris extract was imported directly into the electrospray ionization interface to obtain the MS/MSALL measurement. After the MS1-MS2 dataset was well organized, we focused on structural characterization through retrieving information from the available databases and literature. Twenty-six compounds were found, including 12 caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, 7 flavonoids, and 7 compounds belonging to other chemical families. Among them, 24 ones were structurally identified. Compared with the LC–MS/MS technique, DI–MS/MSALL has the advantages of low-costing, solvent-saving, and time-saving. Chemical profiling of A. capillaris extract was accomplished within 5 min by DI–MS/MSALL, and this technique can be an alternative choice for chemical profile characterization of TCMs due to its extraordinary high-throughput advantage.
Direct infusion (DI) has an extraordinary high-throughput advantage. Pseudo-targeted metabolomics (PTM) has been demonstrated integrating the merits of both nontargeted and targeted metabolomics. Herein, we attempted to implant DI into the PTM concept to configure a new strategy allowing shotgun PTM. First, a versatile MS/MSALL program was applied to acquire MS1 and MS2 spectra. Second, online energy-resolved MS (online ER-MS) was conducted to obtain breakdown graph as well as optimal collision energy (OCE) for each ion transition paired by precursor ion and the dominant product ion. Third, selected reaction monitoring (SRM) was responsible to output a quantitative dataset with a constant length. Moreover, breakdown graph also served as orthogonal structural evidence when matching MS2 spectra between DI–MS/MS and an in-house library to strengthen structural annotation confidence. To evaluate and illustrate the utility of the new strategy toward shotgun PTM of medicinal plants, in-depth chemome comparison was conducted within three Cistanche species, all of which are edible medicinal plants and playing essential roles for turning the deserts into the oases. A total of 185 variables participated in the quantitative measurement program. Each diagnostic ion pair was featured with an OCE. Significant species differences occurred, and echinacoside, acteoside, isoacteoside, 2′-acetyl-acteoside, tubuloside B, mannitol, sucrose, betaine, malate, as well as choline were found to be confirmative chemical markers offering primary contributions toward the species discrimination. After cross-validation with LC–MS/MS, DI–MS/MS fortified with the new strategy is an eligible tool for shotgun PTM, beyond Cistanche plants.
LC-3D MS was configured by MS1, MS2 and online ER-MS as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dimensions, respectively, and demonstrated as an eligible pipeline to reveal in depth the metabolism patterns of salidroside and its aglycone tyrosol in rat.
In this paper, the modal responses of the finite element (FE) model of human head-neck under vibration have been simulated. These modal responses are found to be in reasonably good agreement with previous studies. Additional and rarely reported modal responses such as “mastication” modes of the mandible and flipping of nasal lateral cartilages are identified. Modal validation in terms of modal shapes suggests a need for detailed modeling to identify all the additional frequencies of each individual part. It is found that damping has a trade-off effect in reducing the resonant frequencies in lowering the peak biomechanical responses as well as in the higher frequency modes. Although the finding suggests an optimized estimate of damping factor of 0.2 for both modal and dynamics responses, there is still a need for further study in determining an appropriate damping factor.
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