Abstract The skin has important barrier, sensory, and immune functions, contributing to the health and integrity of the organism. Extensive skin injuries that threaten the entire organism require immediate and effective treatment. Wound healing is a natural response, but in severe conditions, such as burns and diabetes, this process is insufficient to achieve effective treatment. Epidermal stem cells (EPSCs) are a multipotent cell type and are committed to the formation and differentiation of the functional epidermis. As the contributions of EPSCs in wound healing and tissue regeneration have been increasingly attracting the attention of researchers, a rising number of therapies based on EPSCs are currently under development. In this paper, we review the characteristics of EPSCs and the mechanisms underlying their functions during wound healing. Applications of EPSCs are also discussed to determine the potential and feasibility of using EPSCs clinically in wound healing.
We evaluated the efficacy of fremanezumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively targets calcitonin gene-related peptide, in patients with chronic migraine (CM) with and without medication overuse (MO).In a 12-week, phase 3 trial, patients with CM were randomized to fremanezumab quarterly (675 mg/placebo/placebo), monthly (675 mg/225 mg/225 mg), or placebo. Post hoc analyses assessed the impact of fremanezumab in patients with and without MO (monthly use of acute headache medication ≥15 days, migraine-specific acute medication ≥10 days, or combination medication ≥10 days) on efficacy outcomes, including headache days of at least moderate severity (HDs), and six-item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) and Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL) questionnaire scores.Of 1130 patients enrolled, 587 (51.9%) had baseline MO. Fremanezumab reduced placebo-adjusted least-squares mean (95% confidence interval) monthly HDs (- 2.2 [- 3.1 to - 1.2] and - 2.7 [- 3.7 to - 1.8]; P < 0.0001) in patients with MO and without MO (quarterly - 1.4 [- 2.3 to - 0.5], P = 0.0026; monthly - 1.4 [- 2.3 to - 0.6], P = 0.0017). Significantly more fremanezumab-treated patients had ≥ 50% reduction in HDs versus placebo, regardless of baseline MO (with: quarterly 70/201 [34.8%], monthly 78/198 [39.4%] vs placebo 26/188 [13.8%]; without: quarterly 71/174 [40.8%], monthly 75/177 [42.4%] vs placebo 41/183 [22.4%]). Fremanezumab improved HIT-6 and MSQoL scores. Significantly more fremanezumab-treated patients reverted to no MO (quarterly 111/201 [55.2%], monthly 120/198 [60.6%]) versus placebo (87/188 [46.3%]).Fremanezumab is effective for prevention of migraine in patients with CM, regardless of MO, and demonstrated a benefit over placebo in reducing MO.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02621931 (HALO CM), registered December 12, 2012.
The difference between multiple primary lung cancers (MPLC) and intrapulmonary metastasis (IM) in patients with lung cancer is vital but controversial. Moreover, the genetic and clinical significance difference between MPLC and independent primary lung cancers (IPLC) patients is unknown.This study retrospectively researched clinical and genetic data of MPLC and IPLC patients from January 2019 to May 2021 at the affiliated hospital of Qingdao University, China. Ninety-four tissue samples from 41 early-stage patients with MPLC, and 94 tissue samples from 94 early-stage patients with IPLC were performed to targeted sequencing.A total of 36 patients (88%) showed inconsistent driver mutations, and five MPLC patients (12%) shared single identical EGFR/BRAF/TP53 hotspot mutations in the early stage. In MPLC patients, high-frequency mutations included EGFR (63%), TP53 (12%), BRAF (12%), KRAS (10%), ERBB2 (4%), PIK3CA (3%), and MET (3%). In IPLC patients, high-frequency mutations included EGFR (55%), TP53(26%), KRAS (13%), MAP2K1 (5%), PIK3CA (4%), ERBB2 (4%), NF1 (4%), RET (3%), and BRAF (2%). The higher BRAF and fewer TP53 mutations may be related to the lower malignancy in MPLC patients.The accuracy of pathological diagnosis in patients with early-stage MPLC does not need comprehensive molecular evaluation to supplement histology for differentiating early-stage MPLC and IM. Meanwhile, the molecular difference between MPLC and IPLC may be helpful to study the mechanism of MPLC pathogenesis.
The reduced hydration environment induced by disruption of epithelial barrier function after injury results in excessive scarring, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We demonstrated that exposing keratinocytes to a reduced hydration environment causes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induces caveolin-1-dependent downregulation of E-cadherin. Reduced caveolin-1 expression and increased Snail expression are associated with low expression levels of E-cadherin. Caveolin-1 downregulation increases the transcriptional activity of β-catenin-TCF/LEF-1, and overexpression of caveolin-1 inhibits EMT that results from reduced hydration. Our findings suggest a role for caveolin-1 downregulation in linking aberrant EMT to the reduced hydration environment: findings that may lead to new developments in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar.
Objective: To evaluate safety and tolerability of open-label fremanezumab treatment in patients with episodic and chronic migraine (EM and CM) and documented inadequate response to 2–4 classes of migraine preventive medications. Background: The efficacy and tolerability of fremanezumab, a fully-humanised monoclonal antibody (IgG2Δa) that selectively targets calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), has been demonstrated in patients with episodic and chronic migraine, including those with inadequate response to multiple prior migraine preventive medication classes. Design/Methods: The FOCUS study included both a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment period (DBP) and 12-week, open-label treatment period (OLE). Patients were initially randomized (1:1:1) to quarterly fremanezumab (Month 1/2/3: 675mg/placebo/placebo), monthly fremanezumab (Month 1/2/3: 675mg[CM],225mg[EM]/225mg/225mg), or matched monthly placebo for the 12-week, DBP, then all patients entering the OLE received 225 monthly for 3 months. Adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) were summarized descriptively for the OLE by DBP randomization group to determine if there were differences between those originally on placebo versus those originally on fremanezumab. Results: Of 838 patients randomized, 807 patients (placebo, n=262; quarterly fremanezumab, n=271; monthly fremanezumab, n=274) completed DBP and entered the OLE. During the OLE, AEs were reported for similar proportions of patients regardless of DBP treatment (placebo, 46%; quarterly fremanezumab, 48%; monthly fremanezumab, 50%). AEs leading to discontinuation (2%, Conclusions: Over 3 months, open-label fremanezumab treatment was generally well tolerated in patients with migraine and documented inadequate response to 2–4 classes of migraine preventive medications. Disclosure: Dr. Kudrow has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Eli Lilly, Amgen, Novartis, Alder, Biohaven, and Teva. Dr. Kudrow has received research support from Amgen, Lilly, Teva, Alder, Allergan, Biohaven, Axome, and Electrocore.Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Teva%20Pharmaceuticals.Dr. Ramirez Campos has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Teva Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Ramirez Campos has received compensation for serving on the Board of Directors of Teva stocks. Dr. Yang has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries. Dr. Ning has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries.
Our study discusses health related quality of life (HRQOL) as measured by 36-item Short Form (SF-36) for rural-to-urban migrants in China, and assesses the validity and reliability of the SF-36 for this group. In 2012,765 rural-to-urban migrant respondents chosen by probability and the non-probability sampling methods have completed the survey in Wuhan, Mid-China. The reliability of SF-36 is analyzed by Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficient, split-half coefficient, theta (θ) and omega (Ω) coefficient, the validity is calculated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and known-group methods. Split-half reliability coefficient is 0.717. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.776. Theta and omega coefficient are 0.862 and 0.903 respectively. CFA statistical analysis results are shown as follows: GFI = 0.926, Chi-Square/Df = 2.059, RMSEA = 0.037, CFI = 0.939. Physical and mental component summary (PCS/MCS) scores are tabulated by known-group variables and show a statistical significance. In general, SF-36 is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring HRQOL of rural-to-urban migrants in China. Furthermore, Chinese migrants have lived and worked in a hard environment, their salaries are much lower than that of the counterparts, HRQOL of this group is also a little lower and deserves much attention from society.