Objective: This study aims to quantify the anti-oxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa and its anti-proliferative activity on normal and cancer cells. Methods: The anti-oxidant potential of the extract was determined by several in vitro assay system like DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Anti-proliferative activity was tested by MTT assay on breast cancer cell line MCF7, Human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemic cell MOLT-4 and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMC isolated from a healthy donor to check its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Results: Results indicated that the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa shows appreciable anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell line MCF7 and negligible effect on MOLT4 cells. In contrast no significant anti-proliferative effect has been observed in normal PMMCs. Moderate anti-oxidant activity was recorded in methanolic extract. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of of Macrocybe crassa with moderate anti-oxidant activity and specific anti-proliferative effect on MCF7 holds a great promise can be used for isolation of bio molecules for treating Breast Cancer.
Haria is a rice-based fermented beverage that is popular among tribal and low income people in lateritic West Bengal and East-Central India. The principal ingredient of this beverage is low grade boiled rice ( Oryza sativa L.), which is mixed with a traditional starter, called bakhar, and fermented within a heat-sterilized earthen pot for 3-4 days. The main aim of this study was to investigate the ethnobotanical importance and traditional process of haria preparation. The method adopted for this study was based on interactive questionnaires and laboratory experiments. It was found that the pH decreased during the course of fermentation with increased titratable acidity of 1.42%. The alcohol content was 2-3% (v/v) in the consumable beverages. This documentation will be useful for further exploitation of haria as a health drink.
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Lignocellulose: An Abundant Carbon Source for PHA Production Lignocellulosic Pretreatment Techniques Hydrolysis of Lingocellulose Lignocellulose Biomass as Substrate for PHA Production Conclusion
The poisoning of agricultural soils with heavy metals (HMs) is a severe threat to the worldwide food supply, human health, and plant life. The health and production of crops are negatively impacted when HM levels in agricultural soils reach hazardous levels. The major heavy metals are chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). These metals may be found everywhere in the environment, including in things like soil, food, water, and even air. These materials cause changes in the properties of soil and also harm plants, which reduces crop production. Crop type, growth conditions, elemental toxicity, developmental stage, soil chemical and physical properties, and the presence and bioavailability of HMs in the soil solution are all factors that affect how toxic HMs are to crops. By interfering with their normal function and structure in cellular components, HMs can hinder a variety of metabolic and developmental processes. Humans are susceptible to a wide range of serious diseases when they consume these affected plant products. The kidneys, brain, intestines, lungs, liver, and other organs in the human body are all negatively impacted by exposure to these metals. This review assesses (1) contamination of heavy metal in soils through different sources, like Anthropogenic and natural; (2) the effect on microorganisms and the chemical and physical properties of soil; (3) the effect on plants as well as crop production; and (4) entering the food chain and associated hazards to human health. Finally, we found some research gaps and indicated future work. The discharge of heavy metals into the environment must be strictly regulated if people are to feel secure in their surroundings.
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Potential of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production Structure of Lignocellulose Biomass Recalcitrance Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis Limitations of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Fermentation Concluding Remarks
The kinetics and mechanism of Cr(VI) oxidation of D-glucose in the presence and absence of picolinic acid (PA) in aqueous acid media have been carried out under the conditions, [D-glucose]T ⋟ [Cr(VI)]T at different temperatures. Under the kinetic conditions, HCrO4- has been found kinetically active in the absence of PA while in the ΡΑ-catalysed path Cr(VI)-PA complex has been established as the active oxidant. In the ΡΑ-catalysed path, Cr(VI)-PA complex receives a nucleophilic attack by the substrate to form a ternary complex which subsequently experiences a redox decomposition (through 2e transfer) leading to lactone (oxidised product) and Cr(IV)-PA complex. Then Cr(IV)-PA complex participates further in the oxidation of D-glucose and ultimately is converted into Cr(III)-PA complex. In the uncatalysed path, Cr(VI)-substrate ester experiences an acid catalysed redox decomposition (2e transfer) at the rate determining step. The uncatalysed path shows a second-order dependence on [H+], Both the paths show first-order dependence on [D-glucose]T and [Cr(VI)]T. The ΡΑ-catalysed path is first-order in [PA]T. These observations remain unaltered in the presence of externally added surfactants. Effect of cationic surfactant (i.e. cetylpyridinium chloride, CPC) and anionic surfactant (i.e. sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) on both the uncatalysed and ΡΑ-catalysed path has been studied. CPC inhibits both the uncatalysed and ΡΑ-catalysed path while SDS catalyses the reactions. The observed micellar effects have been explained by considering the hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction between the surfactants and reactants. Applicability of different kinetic models, e.g. pseudo-phase ion exchange (PIE) model, Menger-Portnoy model, Piszkiewicz cooperative model, has been tested to explain the observed micellar effects. Effect of [surfactant]T on the activation parameters has been explored to rationalise the micellar effect.