Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising radio access technique for further cellular enhancements toward the 5th generation (5G) mobile communication systems. Single-user multiple-input multiple-output (SU-MIMO) is one of the key technologies in long term evolution (LTE) /LTE-Advanced systems. It is proved that NOMA combined with SU-MIMO techniques can achieve further system performance improvement. In this paper, we focus on the impact of rank optimization on the performance of NOMA with SU-MIMO in downlink. Firstly, a geometry based rank adjustment method is studied. Secondly, an enhanced feedback method for rank adjustment is discussed. The simulation results show that the performance gain of NOMA improves with the proposed two rank adjustment methods. Compared to orthogonal access system, large performance gains can be achieved for NOMA, which are about 23% for cell average throughput and 33% for cell-edge user throughput.
Tumors are the second-most common disease in the world, killing people at an alarming rate.As issues with drug resistance, lack of targeting, and severe side effects are revealed, there is a growing demand for precision-targeted drug delivery systems.Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs), which arecomposed of proteins, lipids, RNA, and metabolites, are widely distributed and readily accessible.The potential for anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and drug-resistant-reversing effects on tumor cells, as well as the ability to alter the tumor microenvironment (TME) by modulating tumor-specific immune cells, make PDNVs promising antitumor therapeutics.With a lipid bilayer structure that allows drug loading and a transmembrane capacity readily endocytosed by cells, PDNVs are also expected to become a new drug delivery platform.Exogenous modifications of PDNVs enhance their circulating stability, tumor targeting ability, high cell endocytosis rate, and controlled-release capacity.In this review, we summarize PDNVs' natural antitumor activity, as well as engineered PDNVs as efficient precision-targeted drug delivery tools that enhance therapeutic effects.Additionally, we discuss critical considerations related to the issues raised in this area, which will encourage researchers to improve PDNVs as better anti-tumor therapeutics for clinic applications.
Sugarcane smut, a serious disease caused by the fungus Sporosorium scitamineum, can result in 30% to 100% cane loss. The most affordable and efficient measure of preventing and handling sugarcane smut disease is to select disease-resistant varieties. A comprehensive evaluation of disease resistance based on the incidence of smut disease is essential during the selection process, necessitating the rapid and accurate identification of sugarcane smut. Traditional identification methods, which rely on visual observation of symptoms, are time-consuming, costly, and inefficient. To address these limitations, we present the lightweight sugarcane smut detection model (YOLOv5s-ECCW), which incorporates several innovative features. Specifically, the EfficientNetV2 is incorporated into the YOLOv5 network to achieve model compression while maintaining high detection accuracy. The convolutional block attention mechanism (CBAM) is added to the backbone network to improve its feature extraction capability and suppress irrelevant information. The C3STR module is used to replace the C3 module, enhancing the ability to capture global large targets. The WIoU loss function is used in place of the CIoU one to improve the bounding box regression’s accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate that the YOLOv5s-ECCW model achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 97.8% with only 4.9 G FLOPs and 3.25 M parameters. Compared with the original YOLOv5, our improvements include a 0.2% increase in mAP, a 54% reduction in parameters, and a 70.3% decrease in computational requirements. The proposed model outperforms YOLOv4, SSD, YOLOv5, and YOLOv8 in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and model size. The YOLOv5s-ECCW model meets the urgent need for the accurate real-time identification of sugarcane smut, supporting better disease management and selection of resistant varieties.
The primary arylamines reacted with arylhalides to give the secondary arylamines by the catalysis of Pd(dba)2/P(f-Bu)3 at 80℃ in toluene. The secondary arylamines reacted with bromoanthrancenes to afford the organic light emitting diode materials of aminoanthrancene type by the catalysis of Pd(Oac)...
Disocatus ackermannii, commonly referred to as Orchid Cactus, is a striking succulent belonging to the Cactaceae family. Its unique appearance and captivating characteristics make it a sought-after addition to gardens and courtyards beautification. In June 2023, 20-30% of D. ackermannii in a flower nursery in Baise city (23°88'07.85″N, 106°56'98.96″E), Guangxi province of China showed brown spot disease. Symptoms were minute chlorotic depressed spots with a red fleck at the center, which turned to sunken, circular, light brown to dark brown lesions. Some lesions, surrounded by a yellow halo, led to cladode decay. In some cases, the diseased tissue dried out and appeared thin, producing conidia in the diseased area. For pathogen isolation, six cladodes were surface disinfected with 5% NaClO for 2 min followed by 70% ethanol for 30 s, rinsed three times with sterile water, then cultivated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates of 28 °C for 2 to 4 days. Emerging fungal colonies were purified by hyphal tipping. The colonies from the plates were initially white with powdery disarticulating aerial mycelium transitioned to an olive-green to greyish color and finally turned dark-gray to black after 9 days. The arthroconidia were ellipsoid to ovoid, zero to one septum, hyaline to dark brown and were 9.6 (4.2-15.4) × 4.5 (2.4-10.7) μm (n = 100). The morphological characteristics resembled those of N. dimidiatum (Crous et al. 2006; Phillips et al. 2013). Two isolates BSLJ4-1 and BSLJ5-1 were selected for DNA extraction following the manufacturer's instructions of Plant Genomic DNA Kit. Results from the BLASTn analysis of the ITS (GenBank accession nos. PP868502，PP860525), EF1-α (PP868386, PP868387), β-tubulin (PP868384, PP868385) genes of the isolates BSLJ4-1 and BSLJ5-1 showed higher than 99% identities with the epitype N. dimidiatum CBS 251.49 (ITS: KF531819; EF1-α: KF531797; β-tubulin: KF531799). The sequences were converted to FASTA files, assembled, and the maximum likelihood tree was constructed using IQ-TREE with the best model HKY+F+G4. The tree was evaluated from 1000 bootstrap replications. The result showed the isolates were related to N. dimidiatum with 100 bootstrap value supported. Spore suspensions (1 × 107 conidia/mL) were sprayed onto young cladodes of D. ackermannii. Three plants per isolate, sterile water was used as the control. Two weeks after inoculation, circular or subcircular faded green, brown sunken spots appeared on the leaves, surrounded by yellow halo even soft rotting developed but no infections observed in the water control. N. dimidiatum was successfully reisolated from inoculate-induced brown spot and subsequently identified based on its morphological characteristics and ITS sequence to fulfill the Koch's postulates. N. dimidiatum is a primary pitaya canker causative agent (Chuang et al. 2012; Lan et al. 2012; Sanahuja et al. 2016), however, in our observations, the characteristic hard brown scabs typically associated with N. dimidiatum infections on pitaya were not present on D. ackermannii. This is the first report of N. dimidiatum causing brown spot disease on D. ackermannii in China, suggesting a broader host range of N. dimidiatum within the Cactaceae family. Further studies are needed to understand the pathogen potential impact on other species and develop disease management strategies.
Sugarcane smut is the most severe sugarcane disease in China. The typical symptom is the emerging of a long, black whip from the top of the plant cane. However, in 2018, for the first time we observed the floral structures of sugarcane infected by smut fungus in the planting fields of China. Such smut-associated inflorescence in sugarcane was generally curved and short, with small black whips emerging from glumes of a single floret on the cane stalk. Compatible haploid strains, named Ssf1-7 (MAT-1) and Ssf1-8 (MAT-2), isolated from teliospores that formed black whips in inflorescence of sugarcane were selected for sexual mating assay, ITS DNA sequencing analysis and pathogenicity assessment. The isolates Ssf1-7 and Ssf1-8 showed stronger sexual mating capability than the reported Sporisorium scitamineum strains Ss17 and Ss18. The ITS DNA sequence of the isolates Ssf1-7 and Ssf1-8 reached 100% similarity to the isolates of S. scitamineum strains available in GenBank. Inoculating Ssf1-7 + Ssf1-8 to six sugarcane varieties, i.e., GT42, GT44, GT49, GT55, LC05-136 and ROC22, resulted in different smut morphological modifications. The symptoms of floral structure only occurred in LC05-136, indicating that the flowering induction by S. scitamineum is variety-specific. Furthermore, six selected flowering-related genes were found to be differentially expressed in infected Ssf1-7 + Ssf1-8 LC05-13 plantlets compared to uninfected ones. It is concluded that the flowering induction by S. scitamineum depends on specific fungal race and sugarcane variety, suggesting a specific pathogen-host interaction and expression of some flowering-related genes.
Abstract The blade tip leakage vortex (TLV) is a common concern for waterjet pump. The TLV are closely related to the load distribution at the blade tip. This paper aims at to investigate the relationship between blade tip load distribution and TLV trajectory and size. The characteristics of tip leakage vortex in a mixed flow pump is investigated by numerical method. The SST k-ω turbulence model is used to predict TLV trajectories. The result shows a good agreement with the visualization results based on high-speed photography (HSP), which validated that the accuracy of numerical method. The numerical results show that the starting point of the TLV, as well as the angle between blade chord and TLV changes with flow rate condition, which related with the blade tip loading. Therefore, the distribution of the load at the top of the leaf necessarily influences the trajectory of the leakage vortex. Comparing the three different loading patterns at the blade tip, it can be seen that as the load moves backwards, the starting position of the leakage vortex at the blade tip moves backwards and the relative angle between the TLV and blade increases.
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