Background: Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) activates muscles through electrical currents, resulting in involuntary muscle contractions. This study aimed to evaluate the immediate clinical effects of superimposing EMS on strength training compared with conventional exercise in healthy non-athletic adults. Methods: This study was a randomised, controlled, parallel-group trial conducted at a single centre. Forty-one healthy young volunteers were recruited and randomised into two groups: strengthening with superimposed EMS (S+E) and strengthening (S) groups. All participants underwent the 30 minutes of strength training program, three times a week for 8 weeks, consisting of core muscle exercises. Additionally, the S+E group received EMS during training, which stimulated the bilateral abdominal, gluteus, and hip adductor muscles. As the primary outcome measure, we evaluated the changes in muscle thickness, including the abdominal, gluteal, and hip adductor muscles, using ultrasound. Muscle thickness was measured in both resting and contracted states. For secondary outcomes, physical performance (Functional Movement System score, McGill’s core stability test, and hip muscle power) and body composition analysis were evaluated. All assessments were performed at the beginning and end of the intervention. Results: 39 participants (S+E group = 20, S group = 19) completed the study. The clinical characteristics and baseline functional status of each group did not differ significantly between the groups. After completion of the training, the S+E group showed more efficient contraction in most of the evaluated muscles. The resting muscle thickness did not differ significantly between the groups; however, the contracted muscle thickness in the S+E group was higher than that in the S group (p < 0.05). Physical performance and body composition were not significantly different between the two groups. No intervention-related complications were reported during the study. Conclusion: EMS seems to be a safe and reasonable modality for improving physical fitness in healthy individuals.
As embedded system grows in size and complexity, the importance of the technique for dynamic memory allocation has increased. The objective of this paper is to measure the performance of dynamic memory allocation by varying both hardware and software design parameters for embedded systems. Unlike torrent performance evaluation studies that have presumed the single threaded system with single address spate without OS support, our study adopts realistic environment where the embedded system runs on Linux OS. This paper contains the experimental performance analyses of dynamic memory allocation method by investigating the effects of each software layer and some hardware design parameters. Our quantitative results tan be used to help system designers design high performance, low power embedded systems.
Purpose: Parkinson’s disease(PD), the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disease, is a movement disorder that manifests unilaterally. Clinical studies, neuroimaging studies, and longitudinal studies all indicate that the clinical features and progression of PD are asymmetric. The asymmetry of PD is thought to be an important clue in understanding the disease's pathophysiology. The purpose of this study is to see how the concept of PD asym-metry evolved over time, to identify the different types of asymmetry that can be seen in PD, and to understand the clinical implications of the different types of asymmetry in PD. Method: The following were our review questions. (1)How has PD asymmetry research evolved over time? (2)What types of asymmetry can be seen in PD? (3)What are the clinical implications of the various types of asymmetry seen in PD? To investigate such questions, we used the keywords "Parkinson" and(“symmetry” or “asymmetry”) in PubMed. Articles about idiopathic Parkinson’s disease(iPD) patients with a clear concept of sym-metry or asymmetry that were peer-reviewed and written in English were included. The type of article, partici-pants, three main keywords, and the type of symmetry concepts in the study were extracted. We excluded studies that did not include patients with idiopathic PD or that did not have a clear concept of symmetry. Results: Based on a PubMed search, the number of published articles on iPD and symmetry gradually in-creased beginning in the 1980s. Of the 563 articles that were initially searched, 333 articles were related to both iPD and symmetry or asymmetry concepts. There were 171 articles on nervous system asymmetry, 133 on motor symptoms and gait asymmetry, 24 on disease presentation asymmetry, and 5 on anatomical or histological struc-tures asymmetry. The majority(n = 70) of the 171 studies on nervous system asymmetry dealt with lateralization of brain function and the resulting asymmetries in motor symptoms and disease manifestations in iPD patients. Conclusion: Asymmetry in iPD patients has mainly been studied based on nervous system asymmetry, motor symptoms, and overall disease presentation. Other types of asymmetry, such as asymmetry in anatomical and histological structures, have been studied in some studies. Asymmetry in iPD is not only an inherent feature of the disease; it also appears to be related to the disease's various symptoms and signs. As a result, more research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of iPD and to provide iPD patients with a prognosis and advice for disease management.
In view of the advantages of urban hukou(household registration system), many migrant workers working in the city want to transfer rural hukou to urban hukou to get preferential policy for self-development or their children. Even though the hukou system reform are proceeded, they still have barriers on the road to become citizens, especially in large cities like Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing city. Based on the precious studies, this study attempts to examine the relationship among institutional cognition, social cognition, personal cognition as independent variables, policy concern degree as a mediating variable, and switching intention of urban hukou as dependent variable, and the different cognition about independent variables among three cities. The empirical analysis shows that policy concern degree is positively associated with security, stability of institutional cognition and employment, medical treatment, environment of social cognition and alienation of city life, satisfied degree of city life, future orientation of personal cognition. On the contrary, it is negatively associated with distinctiveness and education. Besides, the correlation between policy concern degree and switching intention of urban hukou is obviously significant. Furthermore, degree of policy concern has a partial mediating effect to independent variables, security and alienation of city life, and dependent variable consisting of switching intention of urban hukou. This paper details some factors is very important for migrant workers to transfer their hukou status and some are not. The findings of the research have implications for policy makers interested in promoting a more balanced development of population and city and for rural areas, in order to keep talented people, it is important to improve benefits and privileges in aspects of educational resources, employment and pension. Besides, it should deepen reforms concerning hukou system, for instance, standardize the turnover of rural collective-owned construction land’s exploitation right, and guide the rural-urban population to mobile reasonably to achieve the balance between supply and demand.
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