The Aplysia(Notarcus Leachii cirrosus Stimpson,NLCS) is an oceanic mollusk.The cerebral ganglion(CG) in NLCS contains high abundant lipid compounds,indicating that the compounds interfere strongly the precipitation of CG proteins with trichloroacetic acid-acetone.The object of this experiment is to find a method of extracting and separating the proteins of CG in aplysia.After comparison of several methods,an overspread centrifugation is discovered to have capacity for removing the lipid compounds in the suspension of CG for proteomic studies.The proteome resolution in CG can be improved with a typical separating approach of 2D-PAGE,which can detect about 450 protein spots.
Liver ferritin of Dasyatis akajei(DALF)with electrophoretic purity was prepared in batch.The rate,the kinetics and the law conversion for complete iron release in DALF were revealed by both different reaction temperature and pH,respectively.The experimental results showed that the rates of iron release displayed different evidently though the temperatures were enhanced from 30℃ to 45℃ in the reaction medium.However,this process still exhibited a complex pathway for whole iron release in DALF.Being increasing the rate treated with the reactive temperature increment,this complex process for iron release would be hardly transferred into simple in DALF.It was well seen that the reaction medium of different pH effected directly on the rate of iron release in DALF,indicating that this rate at acid medium showed higher than that at alkalescence.Under the condition of pH 5.0,DALF released its iron as first-order law for a whole process,and transfered this complex pathway into simple directly.Under the condition of physiological or neutral medium,the interaction intensity of these subunits in DALF played an important role in controlling iron release and carrying out complex kinetic characteristics.
Gasterophilus species are widely distributed around the world. The larvae of these flies parasitize the digestive tract of equids and cause damage, hindering horse breeding and protection of endangered species. However, study of the genetic structure of geographically distinct Gasterophilus populations is lacking. Here, we analyzed the genetic diversity of Gasterophilus pecorum, G. intestinalis, G. nasalis and G. nigricornis from three typical grasslands (meadow, desert and alpine steppes) in China as compared to published sequences from Italy, Poland and China (Daqing and Yili), based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase cox1 and cox2 gene sequences.Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of mitochondrial genes was generally high in all Gasterophilus populations. Due to the unique natural climatic conditions of the alpine steppe, there were high levels of genetic differentiation among different geographical populations of G. pecorum and G. nasalis, indicating that environmental variations influenced population genetic structure. Frequent exchanges between meadow and desert steppe Gasterophilus species resulted in low genetic differentiation. The highest exchange rates were found among G. intestinalis populations. Genetic differentiation was only observed on a large geographical scale, which was confirmed by analyzing population genetic structure. Three species, G. pecorum, G. intestinalis and G. nasalis, from meadow steppe showed a high emigration rate, indicating that the direction of Gasterophilus dispersal in China was from east to west.Our results show that the four Gasterophilus species have a high level of genetic diversity and different degrees of genetic differentiation and gene flow among different populations of the same species, reflecting their potential to adapt to the environment and the environmental impact on genetic structure. Knowledge of the genetic structure, population history, and migration will help understand the occurrence and prevalence of gasterophilosis and provide a basis for controlling the local spread of Gasterophilus spp.
Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of microsurgery through the eyebrow keyhole approach on pituitary adenomas and its skill. Method The clinical data of 20 patients with pituitary adenoma who underwent microsurgery through the eyebrow keyhole approach from January, 2008 to June, 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Postoperative MRI showed that the pituitary adenomas were totally removed in 15 patients, and subtotally in 5. The postoperative complications included diabetes insipidus in 14 patients who were recovered completely from several days to severed months after the surgery, the descent of visual activity in 2 patients, epidural hematoma in 1 patient who was perfectly recovered from the epidural hematoma not long after discharging from hospital. Conclusions The microsurgery through the eyebrow keyhole approach is a simple, convenient and microtraumatic method to treat the pituitary adenomas and its curative effect on most of the pituitary adenomas is good. The rate of total removal of the pituitary adenomas may be increased and the operative complication may be decreased by the neuroendoscope-assisted microsurgery through the eyebrow keyhole approach.
Aim To investigate a new glycosylation method. Methods In the presence of TMSOTf as catalyst, 1-O-(3, 5-dinitrobenzoyl)-2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranose 1 reacted with a series of carboxylic acid, phenols, alcohols and saccharides respectively to give the corresponding glycosylation products. The compounds were determined by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. .Results The α-gluco-pyranosides and related oligosaccharides were prepared in high yields. Conclusion The 3, 5-dinitrobenzoyl group was found to be a good leaving group at the anomeric position and O-glucopyranosides and oligosaccharides were stereoselectively synthesized in good yield.
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) constitute a family of enzymes that play important roles in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and contribute to the growth, differentiation and apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the biological function of HDAC5 in glioma cells has not been fully understood. In the present study, we found that the mRNA and protein levels of HDAC5 are increased in human glioma tissues and cell lines. In addition, overexpression of HDAC5 promoted proliferation of glioma cells, as measured by the MTT assay. By contrast, HDAC5 gene silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited cell proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HDAC5 enhances Notch 1 expression at both the mRNA and the protein level in glioma cell lines. Taken together, these results demonstrated, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, that HDAC5 promotes glioma cell proliferation, and suggest that this effect involves the upregulation of Notch 1. Therefore, our study may provide a novel therapeutic target for treatment of gliomas.
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