Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) proteins function as sugar transporters that play key roles in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, little is known about the SWEET gene family in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In this study, 24 putative PvSWEET genes were identified. They can be categorized into four subgroups based on a phylogenetic analysis, exon–intron structure, cis-regulatory elements, and MEME motifs. A collinearity analysis showed that three pairs of segmental duplicated events were identified. The Phytozome database showed that 16 PvSWEET genes were highly expressed in reproductive organs. PvSWEET5 was expressed the most highly in all the tissues tested, while PvSWEET8/9/10/13 were undetectable in the datasets. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that PvSWEET24 was significantly up-regulated following treatment with NaCl, CdCl2, and HgCl2, whereas the PvSWEET5 and PvSWEET20 genes displayed a specific negative response to CdCl2 stress. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive information for the role of SWEET gene family in common bean and lays a solid foundation to elucidate the biological function of the PvSWEET gene family, as well as provide insights into the correlation between the PvSWEET genes and responses to metal stresses.
1. In this study, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene was screened for variations by cloning and sequencing to analyse the association with chicken egg production and broodiness traits. 2. Sequencing revealed that 69 polymorphisms were found in a 9305-bp length of the chicken VIP gene, of which 39 were located in introns, 28 in 5' regulatory region, 1 in exon 6 (synonymous) and 1 in 3'-UTR. The nucleotide diversity corrected for sample size was 1.96 x 10(-3). 3. Five polymorphisms, C-3134T, "AGG" indel at -2648 to -2650, C + 338T, G + 780T and A + 4691G, were genotyped in 644 individuals of Ningdu Sanhuang chickens to evaluate their effects on egg production and broodiness traits. Marker-trait association analyses showed that the "AGG" indel was associated with total number of eggs from 90 to 300 d of age and total number of qualified eggs from 90 to 300 d of age. In contrast, C + 338T was associated with duration of broodiness.
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical scenario simulation method among nursing students for assessing the risk of patients developing pressure ulcers compared with the traditional didactic method. Methods: This experimental study was a controlled trial with single-blind assessments. Nursing students (n = 47) were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental group. The control group (n = 21) was instructed using traditional didactic methods that only delivered knowledge of pressure ulcers, while the experimental group (n = 26) received a clinical scenario simulation-based method for cultivating the competence to assess the risk of pressure ulcers. Participants underwent pre- and post-intervention based on the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) comprising objective performance criteria. Data were analyzed using a t -test in the SPSS Statistics software program at a significance level of 0.05. Results: No significant differences were observed regarding age or the mean scores of the OSCE in pre-intervention between the two groups. Following the intervention, the mean score of the experimental group's performance was higher (29.04 ± 6.00) compared with the control group (12.38 ± 4.15) ( P = 0.000). There were statistical differences between the two groups. Nursing students in the clinical scenario simulation group performed significantly better in recognizing and assessing the risk of pressure ulcers. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a clinical scenario simulation approach is more effective than employing the traditional didactic method for cultivating students' assessment ability regarding pressure ulcers. This student-centered, clinical scenario simulation method can help to effectively develop students' competency in recognizing and assessing the risk of pressure ulcers, thereby providing a solid foundation for their clinical practice towards enhanced patient safety. Keywords: pressure ulcer, clinical scenario simulation, didactic method, patient safety, competence, systematic assessment
Chiral CDots (c-CDots) not only inherit those merits from CDots but also exhibit chiral effects in optical, electric, and bio-properties. Therefore, c-CDots have received significant interest from a wide range of research communities including chemistry, physics, biology, and device engineers. They have already made decent progress in terms of synthesis, together with the exploration of their optical properties and applications. In this review, the chiroptical properties and chirality origin in extinction circular dichroism (ECD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) of c-CDots is briefly discussed. Then, the synthetic strategies of c-CDots is summarized, including one-pot synthesis, post-functionalization of CDots with chiral ligands, and assembly of CDots into chiral architectures with soft chiral templates. Afterward, the chiral effects on the applications of c-CDots are elaborated. Research domains such as drug delivery, bio- or chemical sensing, regulation of enzyme-like catalysis, and others are covered. Finally, the perspective on the challenges associated with the synthetic strategies, understanding the origin of chirality, and potential applications is provided. This review not only discusses the latest developments of c-CDots but also helps toward a better understanding of the structure-property relationship along with their respective applications.
Melatonin (N -acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) plays important roles in multiple stress responses, especially under salt stress. However, cultivar differences in melatonin mediated salt stress tolerance are unclear. Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) cultivars Jiyin 1 (JY, salt-tolerant) and Xuliyabai (XL, salt-sensitive) were used in this study. Exogenous melatonin significantly improved root growth under salt stress in JY, but had little effect on XL. Physiology analysis showed significant differences in activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide, SOD; and catalase, CAT) and malondialdehyde content between JY and XL. Meanwhile, the change of ABA content in JY and XL root was opposite in salt plus melatonin treatment. Comparative root transcriptomes of JY and XL revealed 3505 and 668 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulated by salt stress and melatonin. The most enriched melatonin-responsive genes under salt stress are mainly involved in regulation of transcription, oxidation-reduction process, transcription factor activity, oxidoreductase activity. In addition, melatonin induced more obvious changes of DEGs in JY than that in XL under salt condition. Melatonin also significantly induced 41 DEGs only in JY, including signal transduction genes, transcription factors, ubiquitin protein ligases, ion homeostasis and osmotic adjustment genes etc. This study uncovered the molecular mechanism of cultivar difference of melatonin response under salt stress in common bean.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important food crop; however, its production is affected by salt stress. Salt stress can inhibit seed germination, promote senescence, and modify cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture. Melatonin, an indole heterocycle, has been demonstrated to greatly impact cell wall structure, composition, and regulation in plants under stress. However, the molecular basis for such assumptions is still unclear. In this study, a common bean variety, "Naihua" was treated with water (W), 70 mmol/L NaCl solution (S), and 100 μmol/L melatonin supplemented with salt solution (M+S) to determine the response of common bean to exogenous melatonin and explore regulatory mechanism of melatonin against salt stress. The results showed that exogenous melatonin treatment alleviated salt stress-induced growth inhibition of the common bean by increasing the length, surface area, volume, and diameter of common bean sprouts. Moreover, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that the cell wall regulation pathway was involved in the salt stress tolerance of the common bean enhanced by melatonin. Screening of 120 germplasm resources revealed that melatonin treatment improved the salt tolerance of more than 65% of the common bean germplasm materials. Melatonin also up-regulated cell wall pathway genes by at least 46%. Furthermore, we analyzed the response of the common bean germplasm materials to melatonin treatment under salt stress using the key genes associated with the synthesis of the common bean cell wall as the molecular markers. The results showed that two pairs of markers were significantly associated with melatonin, and these could be used as candidate markers to predict whether common bean respond to exogenous melatonin and then enhance salt tolerance at the sprouting stage. This study shows that cell wall can respond to exogenous melatonin and enhance the salt tolerance of common bean. The makers identified in this study can be used to select common bean varieties that can respond to melatonin under stress. Overall, the study found that cell wall could response melatonin and enhance the salt tolerance and developed the makers for predicting varieties fit for melatonin under stress in common bean, which may be applied in the selection or development of common bean varieties with abiotic stress tolerance.
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