Mushroom fruit bodies,collected from bamboo leaf piles near Bihu Town,Lishui City,Zhejiang Province,were identified as Agaricus subrufescens on the basis of sporophore and spore morphology,and ITS sequencing data.Pure cultures of fungal mycelium were obtained from fruit body tissue and confirmed as A.subrufescens on the basis of RAPD data and fruiting tests.
Abstract Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a phytohormone that has been used to artificially induce plant resistance against multiple arthropod herbivores. However, it is still uncertain whether MeJA can trigger pepper plant resistance against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (green peach aphid, GPA). In this study, we assessed the effects of different concentrations (0, 0.008, 0.04, 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mM) of MeJA-treated pepper on the development and reproduction performance of GPA to identify an appropriate concentration for vigorous resistance enhancement. MeJA dose was applied on the pepper to investigate the changes in activities of protective enzyme (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; peroxidase, POD and polyphenol oxidase, PPO), detoxification enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, AchE; glutathione S-transferase, GSTs; cytocrome P450, CYP450, and carboxylesterase, CarE), and digestive enzymes (protease, PRO and amylase, AMY) in GPA. The results showed that all concentrations of MeJA-treated pepper significantly suppressed GPA performance, wherein 0.2 mM was the optimal concentration, as it presented the lowest intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), and the highest population doubling time (Dt) values. Furthermore, the protective enzymes (SOD and CAT), detoxification enzymes (GSTs, CYP450, and CarE), and AMY activities increased significantly in MeJA-treated groups than the control group, while the POD and PPO activities were remarkly inhibited under 0.2 mM treatment. These findings indicate that exogenous spraying of 0.2 mM of MeJA significantly enhanced pepper resistance against GPA. The result of this study suggests MeJA application can be used as a promising strategy in integrative management of this insect pest.
The effects of applying different types and concentrations of nutritional supplements during the fruiting stage of Lentinula edodes on fruit body production during the third and fourth flushes are described. Highest increases in fruit body yields (84.1%, 60.3%, 48.6%, 40.5%, 32.3% and 30.2%) were recorded when test samples were supplemented with 0.5% KH2PO4, 16.7% pine needle extract, 1% KH2PO4, 0.5% urea, 9.1% pine needle extract, and a mixture of 1% KH2PO4 and 0.1% urea, respectively.
Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an important pest in cowpea-growing areas of south China. To study control strategies, M. usitatus has been raised for multiple generations in the laboratory. Considering the impact of supplemental nutrients on colony fitness during laboratory rearing is crucial for achieving a significant population of uniformly developed individuals. Here, an age-stage, 2-sex life table for M. usitatus was developed to examine the impacts of F0 M. usitatus adults fed on 3 different supplemental diets (20% sucrose solution, 20% pollen solution, and 20% honey solution) on the development, fecundity, and population growth of F1 M. usitatus. The findings indicated that, compared to thrips fed on water, F0 adult thrips provided with 3 supplementary diets exhibited a reduction in the developmental duration for each instar, an increase in fecundity, and an extension of the lifespan of F1 M. usitatus, with honey yielding the best results. Similarly, the addition of supplemental nutrients resulted in a reduction in the mean generation time (T) and an enhancement of the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) compared to the control group. The effects were highest for honey, followed by pollen, and then sucrose. This study provides favorable evidence concerning the direct impacts of parental nutrition supplementation on the fitness of offspring in insects, and provides information to aid indoor rearing of M. usitatus.
Objective To explore the relationship between genetic polymorphism of CYP2E1,MPO,NQO1,GSTT1,GSTM1 and susceptibility to benzene poisoning(BP).Methods The genotypes of CYP2E1,MPO,NQO1,GSTT1,GSTM1 for 100 patients with benzene poisoning and 90 workers exposed to benzene who were engaged in the same working time and job title as patients with benzene poisoning were detected by PCR-RFLP and multi-PCR.Results There was a 2.82-fold(95% CI:1.42～5.58,P0.05) increased risk of BP in the subjects with NQO1 C609T mutation genotype(T/T) compared with those carrying heterozygous(C/T) and wild type(C/C),and there was a 2.94-fold(95%CI:1.25～6.90,P0.05) increased risk of BP in the subjects with NQO1 C609T mutation genotype(T/T) compared with those carrying wild type(C/C).The subjects with GSTT1 null genotype had a 1.91-fold(95%CI:1.05～3.45,P0.05) increased risk of BP compared with those with GSTT1 non-null genotype.Three genes interaction showed that there was a 20.41-fold(95%CI:3.79～111.11,P0.01) increased risk of BP in subjects with NQO1 C609T mutation genotype(T/T) and GSTT1 null genotype and GSTM1 null genotype compared with those carrying NQO1 C609T heterozygous(C/T) and wild type(C/C) and GSTT1 non-null genotype and GSTM1 non-null genotype.Conclusion The interaction of multi-genes may be an important role to BP.The genetic polymorphisms of 3 genes(NQO1,GSTT1 and GSTM1) leaded to declining of ability of detoxifying in benzene metabolism,so the individual with NQO1 C609T mutation genotype(T/T),GSTT1 null genotype and GSTM1 null genotype is the most susceptive to benzene.It could be suggested as a biomarker to assessment the risk of benzene poisoning for individual.
Abstract The green peach aphid, here abbreviated as green peach aphid (GPA), is a significant global pest of pepper. Conventional insecticide use risks the development of resistance and harms beneficial insects, whereas the deployment of resistant pepper cultivars offers an effective, economical and eco‐friendly management strategy. However, no GPA resistance gene has yet been identified in pepper. In this study, greenhouse and field screening for resistance to GPA in 24 pepper cultivars identified 'ZDC' as highly resistant and 'DYJJ' as highly susceptible. Subsequent inheritance analysis using these cultivars as parents showed that the segregation ratio of resistant and susceptible offspring was 1:1 for F 1 plants and 3:1 for F 2 plants. This indicated that pepper resistance to GPA was controlled by a single dominant gene. The highly resistant cultivar 'ZDC' may enable incorporation of resistance in future breeding programmes following further investigations to establish a fuller understanding of the genetics of GPA resistance in this species.
Fungal and bacterial counts,and temperature and humidity values,were determined in four separate inoculation rooms used to inoculate artificial sawdust logs with Lentinula edodes(without using an inoculation box)both prior to sterilization of the rooms and at different times during the inoculation period.Higher fungal and bacterial counts were recorded before sterilization and when inoculation activities had been completed compared with the beginning and middle of the inoculation period.Our data revealed no evidence of a link between fungal and bacterial counts and relative humidity.Prior to sterilization,positive correlations were observed between both fungal and bacterial counts and log contamination rates(correlation coefficients:0.83 and 0.96,respectively).At the start of the log inoculation period,these correlation coefficient values were 0.64 and 0.94,respectively.No correlation between fungal counts and log contamination rates was evident both halfway through and at the end of the log inoculation period.However,a positive correlation was observed between bacterial counts and log contamination rates at these two sampling times(correlation coefficients:0.62 and 0.88,respectively).
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