The recent results on pulsed CO2 laser, including the effects of preionization structure, electrode profile, and discharge circuit are reported. Two sizes of discharge gap, 70 mm and 100 mm were selected. For the 70 mm gap, lateral preionization was used; for the 100 mm gap, preionization beneath the meshed electrode, and mixed preionization beneath and beside the electrodes were all tested. Strong lateral discharge was found in the case of near-Rogowski profile or Stappaerts profile, and strong central discharge was found in the case of Ernst profile. When the near- Rogowski profiled electrode was paired with an Ernst profiled electrode, better performance was obtained. Discharge distribution corresponding to the spark pins under the mesh grid was found obviously, which means that the uniformity of preionization should be further improved. Small signal gain coefficient was measured to evaluate the discharge. For the experimental setup with 70 mm discharge gap and 4 liters discharge volume, the highest small signal gain coefficient was 2.94% cm-1. When a laser cavity was installed, the highest pulsed energy obtained from this setup was 169 J. When the discharge volume was enlarged to 16 liters, pulsed laser energy up to 580 J was obtained.
Graphdiyne (GDY) is a new member of the family of carbon-based nanomaterials with hybridized carbon atoms of sp and sp2, including α, β, γ, and (6,6,12)-GDY, which differ in their percentage of acetylene bonds. The unique structure of GDY provides many attractive features, such as uniformly distributed pores, highly π-conjugated structure, high thermal stability, low toxicity, biodegradability, large specific surface area, tunable electrical conductivity, and remarkable thermal conductivity. Therefore, GDY is widely used in energy storage, catalysis, and energy fields, in addition to biomedical fields, such as biosensing, cancer therapy, drug delivery, radiation protection, and tissue engineering. In this review, we first discuss the synthesis of GDY with different shapes, including nanotubes, nanowires, nanowalls, and nanosheets. Second, we present the research progress in the biomedical field in recent years, along with the biodegradability and biocompatibility of GDY based on the existing literature. Subsequently, we present recent research results on the use of nanomaterials in peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR). Based on the wide application of nanomaterials in PNR and the remarkable properties of GDY, we predict the prospects and current challenges of GDY-based materials for PNR.
Objective
To compare the diagnostic efficiency of the thyroid imaging reporting and data system(TIRADS), the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology(BSRTC) and BRAFV600E detection, and their combined use in the differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
Methods
One hundred and twenty eight patients with 128 thyroid nodules who were scheduled for ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy(FNAB) were recruited for the study. All of them underwent ultrasound, fine-needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) examination, and BRAFV600E detection. TIRADS and BSRTC systems were adopted to judge the ultrasound and FNAC results. The receiver operating characteristic curve was established to assess the diagnostic value of each method.
Results
The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of TIRADS were 74.3%, 84.5%, and 0.794, respectively. BSRTC had higher specificity(98.3%) and equal sensitivity compared to TIRADS. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of BRAFV600E detection were the highest ones among the three methods. Combinations of different methods could increase the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy. The combination of FNAC and BRAFV600E detection significantly increased the diagnostic efficiency(AUC=0.984), with sensitivity 98.6% and specificity 98.3%.
Conclusions
The diagnostic value of BRAFV600E detection in the differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules is better than both TIRADS and BSRTC, and the combination of FNAC and BRAFV600E detection reaches the best diagnostic efficiency. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 32: 380-385)
Key words:
Thyroid nodules; Fine-needle aspiration; Thyroid imaging reporting and data system; Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology; BRAFV600E mutation
Abstract JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202403000-00034/inline-graphic1/v/2023-09-27T141015Z/r/image-tiff Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. Elucidating the pathophysiological metabolic mechanism impels the generation of ideal therapies. However, existing limited treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy expose the urgent need for cell metabolism research. Given the lack of comprehensive understanding of energy metabolism changes and related signaling pathways in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, it is essential to explore energy changes and metabolic changes in diabetic peripheral neuropathy to develop suitable treatment methods. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanism of diabetic peripheral neuropathy from the perspective of cellular metabolism and the specific interventions for different metabolic pathways to develop effective treatment methods. Various metabolic mechanisms (e.g., polyol, hexosamine, protein kinase C pathway) are associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and researchers are looking for more effective treatments through these pathways.
Computational software NEURON was used to simulate the stretch growth neurons in order to investigate the ability of dorsal root ganglion neurons to generate and propagate action potentials after a period of rapid axon stretch growth in vitro, and under what stimulating parameters can evoke action potentials. In the simulation, we found the stretch growth neuron had higher spike amplitude than from the static culture neuron in the soma and all axonal branch. In addition, the conduction velocity was also faster in the stretch growth axon. When the stimulating frequency was less than 15 Hz or the stimulating voltage was lower than 15 mV, no spike was evoked. Increasing stimulating frequency from 15 Hz to 5000 Hz or stimulating voltage from 15 mV to 100 mV had almost no effect on the spike amplitude. Interestingly, the first spike time and absolute refractory period (ARP) in different axonal branches and somas decreased stepwise with incremental increase in the stimulating frequency. It is concluded that the stretch growth neuron had higher amplitude and faster conduction velocity than the static culture neuron. In addition, some stimulating parameters had been analyzed in this study, which provided guidelines for electrophysiological experiments in future.
Summary In the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), the haematopoietic cells show various levels of abnormal maturation and differentiation, which can be detected by flow cytometry. Testing the anomalies of stage‐ or lineage‐specific surface antigens in CD34 + blasts can distinguish MDS from non‐clonal cytopenic diseases, and also reflect the pathological characteristics of MDS as a class of clonal diseases for providing new clues to basic research. The present study established a flow cytometric scoring system (FCMSS) based on theproportion and antigenic co‐expression of CD34 + blasts. This FCMSS showed good sensitivity and specificity (77·8% and 100%) in the assisted diagnosis of low‐risk MDS without chromosome anomalies, ringed sideroblasts and excess marrow blasts. Moreover, we explored and reported different modes of abnormal expression of CD34 + blasts antigens in different disease stages and analyzed the biological significance of the immunotypes for the first time. We found expression of mature myeloid antigens and lymphoid antigens gradually decreased, and early functional antigens gradually increased from low‐risk MDS with normal karytype to low‐risk MDS with abnormal karyotype then to high‐risk MDS. The patients with higher FCM scores were generally accompanied with HLA‐DR15 allele or hypocellular marrow. Evolution of clones and immunological factors might have influence on expression of antigens in CD34 + blasts.
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