Recyclingoptionen auch unter GMP entwickeln.Neben der Entwicklung von Auslegungsmethoden zur Verfahrens-und Prozessentwicklung werden Optimierungsstrategien zur Produktivitätssteige-
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of various nanofiltration (NF) membranes in rejecting phenol from waters. The impacts of operational conditions and water chemistry on phenol rejections in model solutions were studied. Single-solute phenol model solutions were prepared in distilled and deionized water. All membrane tests were conducted using a lab-scale cross-flow flat-sheet configuration test unit. For all the tested NF membranes, the main factor affecting phenol rejections was solution pH. Increasing solution pH from 7.0 to 10.5 significantly increased phenol rejections. Both the enhanced negative membrane surface charge at higher pH and the dominance of negatively charged phenolate species led to higher phenol rejections at pH 10.5 compared to neutral pH. No significant changes in flux values were observed at neutral pH and pH of 10.5. There was not a correlation among salt and phenol rejections by the tested polyamide NF membranes. The initial phenol concentrations (50 and 200 mg/l) did not affect permeate flux and phenol rejections. Phenol rejections increased by increasing the pressure from 100 to 200 psi. The results overall indicated that although both size exclusion and electrostatic repulsion mechanisms play role in phenol rejections by NF membranes, electrostatic repulsion mechanism contributes more to rejections than size exclusion mechanism. Supporting the electrostatic repulsion mechanism through pH increase in NF applications may result in both enhanced phenol rejections and prevention of phenol adsorption and further diffusion inside the membranes. On the other hand, the pH adjustments should be within the range of manufacturer specifications since increased membrane degradation could occur at higher pH values in polyamide membranes.
In this study, active surface of ceramic membrane was modified with silica layer and amino groups in order to improve the treatability of industrial wastewater with heavy metal content.As the separation capabilities of the developed membrane increased, it became more selective for metal ions in industrial wastewaters.The modified membrane is characterized by SEM-EDX, membrane surface charge, and XRF measurements.The affinities and rejection capacities of heavy metals in industrial wastewater on the coated ceramic membrane were investigated at constant concentration and pressure (6.5 mg / L, 2 bar) with single, triple and 5-mixture model solutions.Then, 2 different regeneration methods were applied to the coated ceramic membrane.To determine the regeneration capacity of coated ceramic membrane with optimum regeneration method; 3 different pressures (1,2 and 4 bar) and 3 different concentrations (6,5, 64 and 128 mg / L) of copper containing model solution and industrial wastewater were tested and compared with the clean water flux after regeneration.In single experiments the removal order was obtained as Cu 2+ >Pb 2+ >Ni 2+ >Zn 2+ >Fe 2+ .In triple tests removal order of Pb 2+ >Ni 2+ >Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ >Cu 2+ >Fe 2+ was obtained.In the removal test where all metals are combined, the result was obtained as Pb 2+ >Ni 2+ >Zn 2+ >Cu 2+ >Fe 2+ which is similar to the results of the studies in the literature.As a result of the tests performed, coated ceramic membranes were able to recover their initial performance after regeneration.ICP-MS analysis of the samples taken from the regeneration stream after coated membrane experiments 26,84-33,73 mg/L copper was found.By the multi-channel ceramic membrane tests which will be conducted in future studies, it is expected that the coating will strengthen the adsorption process by covering a larger surface area on ceramic membranes and reduce the process costs with obtained higher fluxes.